Imine-based reactive diluent for composite manufacture
A chemical formulation having at least one polymer resin and an imine-based reactive diluent. The polymer resin is selected from selected from bis-Schiff base resins, phthalonitrile resins, benzoxazine resins, polyimide resins, phenolic resins, bismaleimide resins, polyether sulfone, and polyether ether ketone. The imine-based reactive diluent has the structure of Formula (A): where R 10 is an aliphatic moiety or a hydrogen and R 11 is also an aliphatic moiety or a hydrogen. Associated methods of making a polymer composite include infusing the chemical formulation into a carbon fiber reinforcement to form an uncured resin embedded composite and curing the uncured resin embedded composite to form a fiber-reinforced polymer composite.
1. A chemical formulation comprising:
at least one polymer resin, the polymer resin selected from the group consisting of bis-Schiff base resins, phthalonitrile resins, benzoxazine resins, polyimide resins, phenolic resins, bismaleimide resins, polyether sulfone, and polyether ether ketone; and
an imine-based reactive diluent comprising the structure of Formula (A):
wherein:
R 10 consists of an aliphatic moiety or a hydrogen, and
R 11 consists of an aliphatic moiety or a hydrogen.
2. The chemical formulation of claim 1 , where the imine-based reactive diluent is selected from Formula (B), Formula (C), Formula (D), Formula (E), Formula (F), Formula (G), Formula (H), Formula (J), or Formula (K):
3. The chemical formulation of claim 1 , where the chemical formulation comprises from 5 wt % to 55 wt % of the imine-based reactive diluent.
4. The chemical formulation of claim 1 , where the polymer resin is a thermosetting resin selected from the group consisting of bis-Schiff base resins, phthalonitrile resins, benzoxazine resins, polyimide resins, phenolic resins, and bismaleimide resins.
5. The chemical formulation of claim 1 , where the polymer resin is a thermoplastic resin selected from the group consisting of polyether sulfone, and polyether ether ketone.
6. The chemical formulation of claim 1 , where the chemical formulation comprises a viscosity of less than 10,000 cP (10 Pa-s) at 65° C.
7. The chemical formulation of claim 1 , where the chemical formulation comprises a viscosity of less than 1,000 cP (1 Pa-s) at 100° C.
8. A method of making a polymer composite comprising the steps of:
a) infusing a chemical formulation into a carbon fiber reinforcement to form an uncured resin embedded composite, wherein the chemical formulation comprises:
at least one polymer resin, the polymer resin selected from the group consisting of bis-Schiff base resins, phthalonitrile resins, benzoxazine resins, polyimide resins, phenolic resins, bismaleimide resins, polyether sulfone, and polyether ether ketone; and
an imine-based reactive diluent comprising the structure of Formula (A):
wherein:
R 10 consists of an aliphatic moiety or a hydrogen, and
R 11 consists of an aliphatic moiety or a hydrogen; and
b) curing the uncured resin embedded composite at a first elevated temperature under vacuum or pressure to form a fiber-reinforced polymer composite.
9. The method of claim 8 , where the method further comprises:
c) heating the fiber-reinforced polymer composite at a second elevated temperature under inert atmosphere to carbonize the fiber-reinforced polymer composite and form a carbon-carbon composite, wherein the second elevated temperature is greater than the first elevated temperature.
10. The method of claim 9 , where the method further comprises:
d) re-infusing the chemical formulation into the carbon-carbon composite resulting from step (c) and curing the newly infused chemical formulation under vacuum at a third elevated temperature to generate a reinfused carbon-carbon composite; and
e) heating the reinfused carbon-carbon composite resulting from step (d) at a fourth elevated temperature under inert gas to densify the resulting reinfused carbon-carbon composite from step (d) and form a densified carbon-carbon composite.
11. The method of claim 10 , where the steps (d) and (e) are repeated at least one time with the densified carbon-carbon composite previously generated in step (e) provided in lieu of the carbon-carbon composite in step (d) to further densify the polymer composite.
12. The method of claim 10 , where the first elevated temperature and the third elevated temperature are the same and the second elevated temperature and the fourth elevated temperature are the same.
13. The method of claim 9 , where the second elevated temperature is at least 800° C.
14. The method of claim 9 , where a char yield of the carbon-carbon composite is within 10% of a char yield of a corresponding carbon-carbon composite formed in the absence of the imine-based reactive diluent.
15. The method of claim 8 , where the carbon fiber reinforcement is unidirectional fibers, woven fabric, braided fabric, or a three-dimensional carbon fiber weave.
16. The method of claim 8 , where the imine-based reactive diluent is selected from Formula (B), Formula (C), Formula (D), Formula (E), Formula (F), Formula (G), Formula (H), Formula (J), or Formula (K):
17. The method of claim 8 , where the chemical formulation comprises from 5 wt % to 55 wt % of the imine-based reactive diluent.
18. The method of claim 8 , where the polymer resin is a thermosetting resin selected from the group consisting of bis-Schiff base resins, phthalonitrile resins, benzoxazine resins, polyimide resins, phenolic resins, and bismaleimide resins.
19. The method of claim 8 , where the polymer resin is a thermoplastic resin selected from the group consisting of polyether sulfone, and polyether ether ketone.
20. The method of claim 8 , where the chemical formulation comprises a viscosity of less than 10,000 cP (10 Pa-s) at 65° C.
21. The method of claim 8 , where the chemical formulation comprises a viscosity of less than 500 cP (0.5 Pa-s) at 100° C.