Pupil expander
Disclosed embodiments include a display system having a viewing window on a viewing plane, the display system comprising a picture-generating unit and an imaging system, where the picture-generating unit displays a picture on a display plane that is a holographic reconstruction formed from a hologram of the picture. The imaging system comprises a projection lens disposed between the display plane and viewing plane, an aperture stop, and a waveguide pupil expander. The projection lens comprises a pair of planar surfaces that define the boundaries of the projection lens, the aperture stop restricts the aperture of the projection lens in the first direction and forms the limiting aperture stop of the imaging system, and the waveguide pupil expander receives light of the picture from the projection lens through the aperture stop and replicates the aperture stop to expand the viewing window of the display system.
1. A display system having a viewing window on a viewing plane, wherein the display system comprises:
a picture generating unit arranged to display a picture on a display plane, wherein the picture is a holographic reconstruction formed from a hologram of the picture; and
an imaging system arranged to form an image of the picture that is viewable from the viewing window, wherein the imaging system comprises:
a projection lens disposed between the display plane and the viewing plane, wherein the projection lens is a simple lens arranged to magnify the picture and to form an image of the picture on an image plane;
an aperture stop arranged to restrict an aperture of the projection lens in a first direction and function as a limiting aperture stop of the imaging system, wherein the aperture stop includes a mask comprising a rectangular window, wherein the mask is configured to block light rays emitted from a peripheral section of the projection lens in the first direction, and wherein the rectangular window has a size in the first direction that is less than a diameter of the projection lens in the first direction; and
a first waveguide pupil expander arranged to receive light of the picture from the projection lens through the aperture stop and replicate the aperture stop in order to expand the viewing window of the display system in the first direction.
2. The display system of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the aperture stop is less than a diameter of the projection lens, optionally, wherein the diameter of the aperture stop is less than 80% the diameter of the projection lens such as less than 60% or less than 30% the diameter of the projection lens.
3. The display system of claim 1 , wherein the projection lens is a spherical lens such as a biconvex lens.
4. The display system of claim 1 , wherein the display plane comprises a screen, such as a diffuser, arranged to display the picture.
5. The display system of claim 1 , wherein an exit pupil of the picture generating unit is larger than an entrance pupil of the first waveguide pupil expander.
6. The display system of claim 1 , wherein the picture generating unit comprises a spatial light modulator arranged to display the hologram of the picture and a light source arranged to illuminate the hologram during display in order to form the holographic reconstruction on the display plane.
7. The display system of claim 1 , wherein the picture comprises a first color component and a second color component.
8. The display system of claim 1 , further comprising a second waveguide pupil expander arranged to receive an output of the first waveguide pupil expander and replicate the aperture stop in a second direction in order to further expand the viewing window of the display system, wherein the second waveguide pupil expander is perpendicular to the first waveguide pupil expander such that the first direction is orthogonal to the second direction.
9. The display system of claim 8 , wherein the aperture stop is arranged to reduce the aperture of the projection lens in the second direction.
10. The display system of claim 8 , wherein each waveguide pupil expander comprises a pair of parallel reflective surfaces arranged to guide the light of the picture from an input port to the viewing window by a series of internal reflections therefrom, and wherein a reflectivity of one reflective surface of the pair of parallel reflective surfaces is provided by a graded coating that is partially transmissive.
11. A head-up display comprising a display system having a viewing window on a viewing plane, wherein the display system comprises:
a picture generating unit arranged to display a picture on a display plane, wherein the picture is a holographic reconstruction formed from a hologram of the picture; and
an imaging system arranged to form an image of the picture that is viewable from the viewing window, wherein the imaging system comprises:
a projection lens disposed between the display plane and the viewing plane, wherein the projection lens is a simple lens arranged to magnify the picture and to form an image of the picture on an image plane;
an aperture stop arranged to restrict an aperture of the projection lens in a first direction and function as a limiting aperture stop of the imaging system, wherein the aperture stop includes a mask comprising a rectangular window, wherein the mask is configured to block light rays emitted from a peripheral section of the projection lens in the first direction, and wherein the rectangular window has a size in the first direction that is less than a diameter of the projection lens in the first direction; and
a first waveguide pupil expander arranged to receive light of the picture from the projection lens through the aperture stop and replicate the aperture stop in order to expand the viewing window of the display system in the first direction.
12. A method of display using a display system having a viewing window on a viewing plane, the method comprising:
holographically reconstructing a picture on a display plane from a hologram of the picture using a picture generating unit;
forming an image of the picture on an image plane that is viewable from the viewing window using an imaging system by:
magnifying the picture using a projection lens disposed between the display plane and the viewing plane, wherein the projection lens is a simple lens;
restricting an aperture of the projection lens in a first direction via an aperture stop configured to function as a limiting aperture stop of the imaging system, wherein the aperture stop includes a mask comprising a rectangular window, wherein the mask is configured to block light rays emitted from a peripheral section of the projection lens in the first direction, and wherein the rectangular window has a size in the first direction that is less than a diameter of the projection lens in the first direction; and
replicating light passing through the aperture stop in order to expand the viewing window of the display system in the first direction using a first waveguide pupil expander arranged to receive light of the picture from the projection lens.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising displaying the picture on a screen, such as a diffuser.
14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising displaying a hologram of the picture on a spatial light modulator and illuminating the hologram during display using a light source in order to form a holographic reconstruction on the display plane.
15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising receiving an output of the first waveguide pupil expander using a second waveguide pupil expander and replicating an aperture stop in a second direction in order to further expand the viewing window, wherein second waveguide pupil expander is perpendicular to the first waveguide pupil expander such that the first direction is orthogonal to the second direction.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising reducing an aperture of the projection lens in the second direction.
17. A display system having a viewing window on a viewing plane, wherein the display system comprises:
a picture generating unit arranged to display a picture on a display plane, wherein the picture is a holographic reconstruction formed from a hologram of the picture; and
an imaging system arranged to form an image of the picture that is viewable from the viewing window, wherein the imaging system comprises: (i) a projection lens disposed between the display plane and viewing plane, wherein the projection lens is a simple lens arranged to magnify the picture and to form an image of the picture on an image plane, (ii) an aperture stop arranged to restrict an aperture of the projection lens in a first direction and function as a limiting aperture stop of the imaging system, and (iii) a first waveguide pupil expander arranged to receive light of the picture from the projection lens through the aperture stop and replicate the aperture stop in order to expand the viewing window of the display system in the first direction, wherein the aperture stop is a mask comprising a rectangular window, the mask being arranged to block light rays emitted from a peripheral section of the projection lens in the first direction, the rectangular window having a size in the first direction that is less than a diameter of the projection lens in the first direction.
18. A method of display using a display system having a viewing window on a viewing plane, the method comprising:
holographically reconstructing a picture on a display plane from a hologram of the picture using a picture generating unit; and
forming an image of the picture on an image plane that is viewable from the viewing window using an imaging system by: (i) magnifying the picture using a projection lens disposed between the display plane and viewing plane, wherein the projection lens is a simple lens, (ii) restricting an aperture of the projection lens in a first direction via an aperture stop configured to function as a limiting aperture stop of the imaging system, and (iii) replicating light passing through the aperture stop in order to expand the viewing window of the display system in the first direction using a waveguide pupil expander arranged to receive light of the picture from the projection lens, wherein the aperture stop is a mask comprising a rectangular window, the mask being arranged to block light rays emitted from a peripheral section of the projection lens in the first direction, the rectangular window having a size in the first direction that is less than a diameter of the projection lens in the first direction.