Avalanche photodiodes with adaptive quenching of photocurrent
This disclosure is directed to a high-speed avalanche photodiode device configured to detect single photons. The avalanche photodiode device may include a passive quenching circuitry. The passive quenching circuitry may include a quenching resistor having a resistivity spontaneously adaptive to a bias voltage applied across the quenching resistor. Such adaptive resistivity enables a fast response time for the avalanche photodiode device when used to detect single photos in Geiger mode.
1. A photodetector, comprising:
a first electrical port;
a second electrical port;
an avalanche photodiode comprising a first terminal and a second terminal, the second terminal of the avalanche photodiode is electrically coupled to the second electrical port; and
an adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor electrically coupling the first terminal to the first electrical port,
wherein:
the adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor comprises a dielectric layer with reversible bias-voltage dependent resistivity.
2. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein:
the first terminal comprises a cathode of the avalanche photodiode; and
the second terminal comprises an anode of the avalanche photodiode.
3. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein:
the first terminal comprises an anode of the avalanche photodiode; and
the second terminal comprises a cathode of the avalanche photodiode.
4. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric layer of the adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor is characterized by a reversible electrically or thermally driven insulator-to-metal phase transition property.
5. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric layer of the adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor is characterized by a reversible bias-dependent electrical filamentary formation.
6. The photodetector of claim 5 , wherein the resistivity of the dielectric layer has a high value when the bias-voltage across the dielectric layer is zero, the resistivity of the dielectric layer changes from high value to a low value when the bias-voltage across the dielectric layer is increased above a first threshold voltage, and then recovers to the high value when the bias-voltage is subsequently decreased below a second reverse threshold voltage.
7. The photodetector of claim 6 , wherein:
the first reverse threshold voltage is lower than the second reverse threshold voltage; or
the first reverse threshold voltage equals the second reverse threshold voltage.
8. The photodetector of claim 5 , wherein the resistivity of the dielectric layer has a high value when the bias-voltage across the dielectric layer is zero, the resistivity of the dielectric layer changes from the high value to a low value when the bias-voltage across the dielectric layer is increased above a threshold voltage, and then recovers to the high value after the bias-voltage is subsequently reversed in polarity to reset the electrical resistivity to the original high value.
9. The photodetector of claim 5 , wherein:
the avalanche photodiode comprises a P-N junction characterized by a threshold reverse breakdown bias voltage; and
the photodetector further comprises a voltage source connected to the first electrical port and the second electrical port to supply a predetermined voltage such that the avalanche photodiode is reversely biased above the threshold reverse breakdown bias voltage of the P-N junction without photocurrent flowing in the avalanche photodiode.
10. The photodetector of claim 9 , wherein the avalanche photodiode, upon stimulation by a single or more incident photons, is configured to excite multiple photoelectrons to generate a photocurrent pulse which is subsequently quenched by the adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor.
11. The photodetector of claim 10 , wherein the adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor exhibits a spontaneous change of resistance before, during, and after the photocurrent pulse is quenched.
12. The photodetector of claim 11 , wherein the adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor possesses a high resistance prior to the generation of the photocurrent pulse, spontaneously reduces its resistance from the high resistance to a low resistance as the photocurrent pulse is quenched, and recovers the high resistance after the photocurrent pulse is quenched.
13. The photodetector of claim 12 , wherein the spontaneous change of resistance of the adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor is accompanied by a reverse bias voltage across the avalanche photodiode varying from a first value that is greater in magnitude than the threshold reverse breakdown bias voltage of the P-N junction, to a second value that is smaller in magnitude than the threshold reverse breakdown bias voltage of the P-N junction, and followed by reverting back to the first value, before, during, and after the photocurrent pulse is quenched.
14. The photodetector of claim 12 , wherein a duration during which the photocurrent pulse is quenched is determined by the low resistance of the adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor and a photodetector junction capacitance of the avalanche photodiode.
15. The photodetector of claim 14 , wherein the duration during which the photocurrent pulse is quenched is 100 nanosecond or faster.
16. The photodetector of claim 12 , wherein the low resistance is between one and fifteen orders of magnitude lower than the high resistance for the adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor.
17. The photodetector of claim 12 , wherein the dielectric layer of the adaptive photocurrent quenching resistor resembles a near-insulator when a low voltage below a transition voltage for the dielectric layer is applied and develops the electrical filamentary formation when a high voltage above the transition voltage is applied.
18. The photodetector of claim 17 , wherein the electrical filamentary formation comprises a bulk effect in the dielectric layer resulting in a change in a bulk electrical conductivity of the dielectric layer as a function of a voltage applied across the dielectric layer.
19. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the reversible bias-dependent electrical filamentary formation causes a reversible electrical conduction breakdown within the dielectric layer.
20. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric layer comprises an oxide of Al, a hydroxide of Al, a mixed oxide and hydroxide of Al, an oxide of one or more of Hf, Zr, Y, La, Ti, Ce, Sm, Er, Yb, Ta, or V, a hydroxide of one or more of Hf, Zr, Y, La, Ti, Ce, Sm, Er, Yb, Ta, or V, or a mixed oxide and hydroxide of one of more of Hf, Zr, Y, La, Ti, Ce, Sm, Er, Yb, Ta, or V.