IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,256,198
Granted Patent B2
US 12,256,198 · App. 17/820,192 · Granted Mar 18, 2025

Control of parameters of hearing instrument based on ear canal deformation and concha EMG signals

Inventor: Stéphane Gallégo (Vénissieux, FR)
Assignee: Starkey Laboratories, Inc.
H04R25/505A61B5/1114A61B5/296A61B5/297A61B5/6815A61B5/6843G01P13/00H04R25/40A61B2562/0219H04R2225/023H04R2225/41H04R2225/61
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,256,198
App. No.
17/820,192
Granted
Mar 18, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

A processing system obtains a deformation signal generated by a deformation sensor. The deformation signal is indicative of a deformation of an outer ear of a user of a hearing instrument. Additionally, the processing system obtains an EMG signal generated by an electrode in a concha of the user, wherein the electrode is configured to detect activity of an intrinsic auricular muscle of the user. Furthermore, the processing system generates information regarding an auditory attention state of the user based on the deformation signal and the EMG signal. The processing system controls, based on the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user, the parameter of the audio system.

Claims (60)

1. A method for controlling a parameter of an audio system, the method comprising:

obtaining, by a processing system, a deformation signal generated by a deformation sensor, wherein the deformation signal is indicative of a deformation of an ear of a user of a hearing instrument;

obtaining, by the processing system, an electromyographic (EMG) signal generated by an electrode in a concha of the user, wherein the EMG signal is indicative of activity of an intrinsic auricular muscle of the user;

determining, by the processing system, based on the deformation signal, whether the deformation of the ear of the user was caused by a movement of a jaw of the user;

based on the deformation of the ear of the user not having been caused by the movement of the jaw of the user, generating, by the processing system, based on the EMG signal, information regarding an auditory attention state of the user; and

controlling, by the processing system, based on the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user, the parameter of the audio system.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the deformation sensor is positioned on an anterior-inferior surface of an ear canal of the ear of the user, and

the electrode abuts a body of an antihelix of the user and the intrinsic auricular muscle is a transverse auricular muscle of the user.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein generating the information regarding the auditory attention state comprises generating, by the processing system, based on the the EMG signal, information regarding a direction toward a current auditory attention locus of the user.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein:

generating the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user further comprises generating, by the processing system, information indicating a distance to the current auditory attention locus of the user, and

controlling the parameter of the audio system comprises controlling, by the processing system, the parameter of the audio system based on the direction toward the current auditory attention locus of the user and the distance to the current auditory attention locus of the user.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the method further comprises obtaining, by the processing system, an additional signal generated by an additional sensor, wherein the additional signal is an electroencephalogram (EEG) signal or an electrooculogram (EOG) signal, and

generating the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user comprises generating, by the processing system, the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user based on the EMG signal and the additional signal.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the method further comprises obtaining, by the processing system, a head signal from an additional sensor, wherein the head signal is indicative of head movements of the user, wherein the additional sensor is an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and

generating the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user comprises generating, by the processing system, the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user based on the EMG signal and the head signal.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the electrode is a first electrode, the EMG signal is a first EMG signal, and the first electrode is positioned to detect activity of a transverse auricular muscle of the user,

the method further comprises obtaining, by the processing system, a second EMG signal from a second electrode in the concha of the user, wherein the second electrode is positioned to detect activity of an oblique auricular muscle of the user, and

generating the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user comprises generating, by the processing system, the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user based on the first EMG signal and the second EMG signal.

8. An audio system comprising:

a deformation sensor configured to generate a deformation signal indicative of a deformation of an ear of a user of a hearing instrument;

an electrode configured to generate an electromyographic (EMG) signal indicative of activity of an intrinsic auricular muscle of the user of the hearing instrument;

a processing system comprising one or more processing circuits, the processing system configured to:

obtain the deformation signal generated by the deformation sensor;

obtain the EMG signal generated by the electrode;

determine, based on the deformation signal, whether the deformation of the ear of the user was caused by a movement of a jaw of the user;

based on the deformation of the ear of the user not having been caused by the movement of the jaw of the user, generate information regarding an auditory attention state of the user based on the EMG signal; and

control, based on the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user, a parameter of the audio system.

9. The audio system of claim 8 , wherein the audio system comprises an in-canal element configured to position the deformation sensor on an anterior-inferior surface of an ear canal of the ear of the user.

10. The audio system of claim 8 , wherein the audio system comprises an intra-concha element configured to position the electrode so that the electrode abuts a body of an antihelix of the user and the intrinsic auricular muscle is a transverse auricular muscle of the user.

11. The audio system of claim 8 , wherein the intrinsic auricular muscle is an oblique auricular muscle of the user.

12. The audio system of claim 8 , wherein the processing system is configured to, as part generating the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user, the processing system:

based on the deformation of the ear of the user having been caused by the movement of the jaw of the user, refrains from generating the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user based on the EMG signal.

13. The audio system of claim 8 , wherein the processing system is configured such that, as part of generating the information regarding the auditory attention state, the processing system generates, based on the EMG signal, information regarding a direction toward a current auditory attention locus of the user.

14. The audio system of claim 13 , wherein the processing system is configured such that, as part of controlling the parameter, the processing system activates a directional processing mode based on the direction toward the current auditory attention locus of the user.

15. The audio system of claim 13 , wherein:

the processing system is configured such that, as part of generating the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user, the processing system generates information indicating a distance to the current auditory attention locus of the user, and

the processing system is configured such that, as part of controlling the parameter of the audio system, the processing system controls the parameter of the audio system based on the direction toward the current auditory attention locus of the user and the distance to the current auditory attention locus of the user.

16. The audio system of claim 8 , wherein:

the processing system is further configured to obtain an additional signal generated by an additional sensor, wherein the additional signal is an electroencephalogram (EEG) signal or an electrooculogram (EOG) signal, and

the processing system is configured such that, as part of generating the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user, the processing system generates the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user based on the EMG signal and the additional signal.

17. The audio system of claim 8 , wherein:

the processing system is further configured to obtain a head signal from an additional sensor, wherein the head signal is indicative of head movements of the user, wherein the additional sensor is an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and

the processing system is configured to generate the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user based on the EMG signal and the head signal.

18. The audio system of claim 8 , wherein:

the processing system is configured such that, as part of generating the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user, the processing system applies a machine-learned model that generates the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user based on the EMG signal.

19. The audio system of claim 8 , wherein:

the electrode is a first electrode, the EMG signal is a first EMG signal, and the first electrode is positioned to detect activity of a transverse auricular muscle of the user,

the audio system comprises a second electrode configured to generate a second EMG signal indicative of an activity of an oblique auricular muscle of the user, and

the processing system is configured such that, as part of generating the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user, the processing system generates the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user based on the first EMG signal and the second EMG signal.

20. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a processing system of an audio system, cause the processing system to:

obtain a deformation signal generated by a deformation sensor, wherein the deformation signal is indicative of a deformation of an ear of a user of a hearing instrument;

obtain an electromyographic (EMG) signal generated by an electrode in a concha of the user, wherein the EMG signal is indicative of activity of an intrinsic auricular muscle of the user;

determine, based on the deformation signal, whether the deformation of the ear of the user was caused by a movement of a jaw of the user;

based on the deformation of the ear of the user not having been caused by the movement of the jaw of the user, generate information regarding an auditory attention state of the user based on the EMG signal; and

control, based on the information regarding the auditory attention state of the user, a parameter of the audio system.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Aug 16, 2022
From: GALLÉGO, STÉPHANE
To: STARKEY LABORATORIES, INC.
Reel/Frame 060824/0958 →
Continuity (3)
Continuation PCTUS2021018121 · Feb 15, 2021
Provisional Application 62979249 · Feb 20, 2020
Related Publication 20220394396A1 · Dec 8, 2022
References Cited (152)
US 4150262A · Ono · 1979 [cited by applicant]
US 5161533A · Prass et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5737431A · Brandstein et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5800351A · Mann et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 6032065A · Brown · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6422999B1 · Hill · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6453194B1 · Hill · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6625481B2 · Bennett et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6636763B1 · Junker et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 7148878B2 · Hong et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7529379B2 · Zurek et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7554549B2 · Sagar et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7593769B1 · Ettare · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7627470B2 · Manabe et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7914468B2 · Shalon et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8467562B2 · Wada · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8504146B2 · Joshi et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8565852B2 · Wada et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8639320B2 · Tomita et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8768477B2 · Spitzer et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8894718B2 · Sala et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8989857B2 · Heck · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9042586B2 · Burns et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9210517B2 · Pontoppidan et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9294849B2 · Burns et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9344792B2 · Rundle · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9372533B1 · Agrama · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9846483B2 · Petrov · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 10063960B2 · Aase · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10121063B2 · Von und zu Liechtenstein · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10137363B2 · Parshionikar · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10191558B2 · Parshionikar · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10609494B2 · Hannemann et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10924869B2 · Gallégo · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11350831B2 · Leboeuf et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20060058627A1 · Flaherty et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060061544A1 · Min et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20080218472A1 · Breen et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090005700A1 · Joshi et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090062680A1 · Sandford · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20110125063A1 · Shalon et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110276312A1 · Shalon et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120116537A1 · Liebetanz · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120149467A1 · Heck · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120245655A1 · Spitzer et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130123656A1 · Heck · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140288447A1 · Luna et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150063615A1 · Park et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150157255A1 · Nduka · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160119726A1 · Pontoppidan et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160143079A1 · Keun et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160243362A1 · Herhmann et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160262689A1 · Batista · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20170060256A1 · Heck et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170180882A1 · Lunner et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170318398A1 · Merks · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20180074584A1 · Rüdiger et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180107275A1 · Chen et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180193644A1 · Annoni et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180263562A1 · LaPlante-Levesque et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180321173A1 · Hanein et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180368722A1 · Lunner · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20190008435A1 · Cakmak · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190025919A1 · Tadi et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190052977A1 · Hannemann et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190052978A1 · Hannemann · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190265802A1 · Parshionikar · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20220394396A1 · Gallégo · 2022 [cited by applicant]
CN 105342613A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 205568942U · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 106175758A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 106569607A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CN 206470693U · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CN 108542387A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 108670241A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 109391891A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
DE 102015206450A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
DE 102017214164B3 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
EP 1519625A2 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
EP 1854404B1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
EP 2442758B1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
EP 2830493A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
EP 3105600A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
EP 3445067A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
EP 3445068B1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
GB 2396421A · 2004 [cited by applicant]
JP 2019036959A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
KR 100516151A · 2003 [cited by applicant]
KR 101788709B1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
KR 101785500B1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
KR 20180056231A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
KR 101910021B1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
RU 2312588C1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006033104A1 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2012129465A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO 2013144229A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014055382A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014152055A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014176420A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015017790A · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015123425A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018027141A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018103861A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018218086A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019051613A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
Ando et al., “CanalSense: Face-Related Movement Recognition System Based on Sensing Air Pressure in Ear Canals,” Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Oct. 22-25, 2017, … [cited by applicant]
Bedri et al., “Stick It In Your Ear: Building an In-Ear Jaw Movement Sensor,” UbiComp/ISWC Adjunct, Sep. 7-11, 2015, pp. 1333-1338. [cited by applicant]
Benning et al., “Emotional modulation of the post-auricular reflex”, Psychophysiology, vol. 41, No. 3, May 2004, pp. 426-432. [cited by applicant]
Benning, “Postauricular and superior auricular reflex modulation during emotional pictures and sounds”, Psychophysiology, vol. 48, No. 3, Mar. 2011, p. 410-414. [cited by applicant]
Benning, “The Postauricular Reflex as a Measure of Attention and Positive Emotion.”, Oxford Academic, Apr. 5, 2018, 17 pp. [cited by applicant]
Carioli et al., “Piezoelectric Earcanal Bending Sensor,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 18, No. 5, Mar. 1, 2018, pp. 2060-2067. [cited by applicant]
Chi et al., “Dry-Contact and Noncontact Biopotential Electrodes: Methodological Review”, IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 3, Oct. 11, 2010, pp. 106-119. [cited by applicant]
Cody et al., “Averaged Evoked Myogenic Responses in Normal Man,” The Laryngoscope, vol. 79, No. 3, Apr. 1969, pp. 400-416. [cited by applicant]
Colin, “Influence de la Surdite Neurosensorielle sur la Perception de la Hauteur Tonale,” Neurosciences, University of Lyon, In the French Language with English Abstract, Dec. 12, 2016, 200 pp. [cited by applicant]
De Grandis et al., “The Post-Auricular Response. A Single Motor Unit Study,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 50, May 21, 1980, pp. 437-440. [cited by applicant]
Douek et al., “A Single Average Crossed Acoustic Response,” The Journal of Layngology and Otology, vol. 90, No. 11, Dec. 1976, pp. 1027-1032. [cited by applicant]
Douek et al., “The Crossed Acoustic Response and Objective Tests of Hearing,” Development Medicine and Child Neurology, vol. 16, No. 1, Feb. 1974, pp. 32-39. [cited by applicant]
Douek et al., “The Crossed Acoustic Response,” The Journal of Layngology and Otology, vol. 87, No. 8, Aug. 1973, pp. 711-726. [cited by applicant]
Dus et al., “The Click Evoked Post-Auricular Myogenic Response in Normal Subjects,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 39, Jun. 13, 1975, pp. 523-525. [cited by applicant]
Grenness et al., “Mapping ear canal movement using area-based surface matching”, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 111, No. 2, Feb. 11, 2002, pp. 960-971. [cited by applicant]
Guevara, “Amelioration de L'implant Cochleaire Oticon Neurelec et de son Pronostic : de L'ingenierie a la Stimulation Neurale,” Neurosciences, University of Lyon, English Abstract Only, Dec. 18, 2015, 2 pp. [cited by applicant]
Hackley et al., “Combined Use of Microflexes and Event-Related Brain Potentials as Measures of Auditory Selective Attention,” Psychophysiology, vol. 24, No. 6, Nov. 1987, pp. 632-647. [cited by applicant]
Hackley et al., “Evidence for a Vestigial Pinna-Orienting System in Humans,” Psychophysiology, vol. 52, No. 10, Jul. 2015, pp. 1263-1270. [cited by applicant]
Huigen et al., “Investigation into the origin of the noise of surface electrodes”, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, vol. 40, Jun. 2002, p. 332-338. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability from International Application No. PCT/US2021/018121 dated Sep. 1, 2022, 8 pp. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion of International Application No. PCT/US2021/018121 dated May 14, 2021, 13 pp. [cited by applicant]
Jacobson et al., “The Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential and Other Sonomotor Evoked Potentials,” In: Auditory evoked potentials: basic principles and clinical application, Chapter 27, 2007, (Applicant points out, in a… [cited by applicant]
Johnson et al., “The nursing hypothesis: an evolutionary account of emotional modulation of the postauricular reflex”, Psychophysiology, vol. 49, No. 2, Feb. 2012, pp. 178-185. [cited by applicant]
Kaneko et al., “Detecting the Direction of Listening with the Emg Signals Measured Behind Ears,” In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Apr. 5-10, 2008 , pp. 535-538. [cited by applicant]
Kappel et al., “Physiological artifacts in scalp EEG and ear-EEG”, BioMedical Engineering OnLine volume, Aug. 11, 2017, 16 pp. [cited by applicant]
Keidser et al., “The Effect of Multi-Channel Wide Dynamic Range Compression, Noise Reduction, and the Directional Microphone on Horizontal Localization, Performance in Hearing Aid Wearers,” International Journal of Audi… [cited by applicant]
Kiang et al., “Post-Auricular Electric Response to Acoustic Stimuli in Humans,” Quarterly Progress Report, Lab of Electronics, M.I.T., No. 68, Jan. 15, 1963, pp. 218-226. [cited by applicant]
Maag et al., “BARTON: Low Power Tongue Movement Sensing with In-ear Barometers,” 2017 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Dec. 15-17, 2017, pp. 9-16. [cited by applicant]
Mirkovic et al., “Target Speaker Detection with Concealed EEG Around the Ear,” Frontiers in Neuroscience, vol. 10, Article 349, Jul. 2016, 11 pp. [cited by applicant]
Moonen et al., “Horizontal Localization With Bilateral Hearing Aids: Without is Better Than With,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 119, No. 1, Jan. 2006, pp. 515-526. [cited by applicant]
O'Beirne et al., “Basic Properties of the Sound-Evoked Post-Auricular Muscle Response (PAMR),” Hearing Research, vol. 138, Aug. 23, 1999, pp. 115-132. [cited by applicant]
O'Beirne et al., “The Post-Auricular Muscle Reflex (PAMR): Its Detection, Analysis, and Use as an Objective Hearing Test,” retrieved from http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/11083, Nov. 1998, 261 pp. [cited by applicant]
Oliveira et al., “A look at ear canal changes with jaw motion”, Ear Hear, Dec. 1993, pp. 464-466. [cited by applicant]
Patuzzi et al., “Effects of Eye Rotation on the Sound-Evoked Post-Auricular Muscle Response (PAMR),” Hearing Research, vol. 138, Dec. 1999, pp. 133-146. [cited by applicant]
Picton et al., “Human Auditory Evoked Potentials. I : Evaluation of Components,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 36, Aug. 1973, pp. 179-190. [cited by applicant]
Prosecution History from U.S. Appl. No. 16/271,281, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 10,924,869, dated May 14, 2020, through Dec. 18, 2020, 46 pp. [cited by applicant]
Purdy et al., “The Post-Auricular Muscle Response: An Objective Electrophysiological Method for Evaluating Hearing Sensitivity,” International Journal of Audiology, vol. 44, No. 11, Dec. 2005, pp. 625-630. [cited by applicant]
Rabinkin et al., “Optimum Microphone Placement for Array Sound Capture,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Jul. 1997, 13 pp. [cited by applicant]
Schmalfu et al., “Steer by Ear: Myoelectric Auricular Control of Powered Wheelchairs for Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury,” Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 34, No. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 79-95. [cited by applicant]
Schmidt et al., “Co-Activation of the M. transversus auris with Eye Movements (Wilson's Oculo-Auricular Phenomenon) and with Activity in Other Cranial Nerves,” Albrecht Von Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental… [cited by applicant]
Stekelenburg et al., “Pericranial Muscular, Respiratory, and Heart Rate Components of the Orienting Response,” Psychophysiology, vol. 39, Dec. 2002, pp. 707-722. [cited by applicant]
Streletz et al. “Scalp Recorded Auditory Evoked Potentials and Sonomotor Responses: an Evaluation of Components and Recording Techniques,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 43, No. 2, Sep. 1977, … [cited by applicant]
Thornton et al., “The Use of Post-Auricular Muscle Responses,” The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, vol. 89, No. 10, Oct. 1975, pp. 997-1010. [cited by applicant]
Urban et al., “The oculo-auricular phenomenon: Findings in normal and patients with brainstem lesions”, Brain, vol. 116, No. 3, Jun. 1, 1993, pp. 727-738. [cited by applicant]
Valin et al., “Robust Sound Source Localization Using a Microphone Array on a Mobile Robot,” Proceedings IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2003, Apr. 2004, pp. 1228-1233. [cited by applicant]
Wong et al., “Decoding Speech Sound Source Direction from Electroencephalography Data,” ARO Abstracts vol. 39, ARO 39th Mid Winter Meeting, Feb. 21, 2016, p. 528. [cited by applicant]
Yoshie et al., “Myogenic Evoked Potential Responses to Clicks in Man,” Acta Oto-Laryngolica Supplementum, vol. 252, Feb. 1969, pp. 89-103. [cited by applicant]
Cited By (1)
US 12,445,784