System for computation of object coordinates accounting for movement of a surgical site for spinal and other procedures including interpolation of vertebral position and orientation

1. A system for determining a pose of a vertebra in a spine of a patient, the system comprising:

at least one computer processor;

at least one camera; and

two or more markers attached to two or more spinal structures,

wherein a first marker is attached to a first spinal structure of a first vertebra,

wherein a second marker is attached to a second spinal structure of a second vertebra,

wherein the first vertebra is registered in relationship to the first marker,

wherein the second vertebra is registered in relationship to the second marker,

wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to determine a pose of the first vertebra in a coordinate system using data from the first marker obtained with the at least one camera, data from an imaging study, or combinations thereof,

wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to determine a pose of the second vertebra in the coordinate system using data from the second marker obtained with the at least one camera, data from the imaging study, or combinations thereof,

wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to determine a difference between the pose of at least a third vertebra and the pose of the first vertebra based on the data from the camera, the imaging study or a combination thereof,

wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to determine a difference between the pose of the at least third vertebra and the pose of the second vertebra based on the data from the camera, the imaging study or a combination thereof,

wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to determine the pose of the at least third vertebra in the coordinate system based on the pose of the first vertebra, the pose of the second vertebra, the difference between the pose of the at least third vertebra and the pose of the first vertebra in the data from the camera, imaging study or combination thereof, and the difference between the pose of the at least third vertebra and the pose of the second vertebra in the data from the camera, imaging study or combination thereof, and

wherein the first and second vertebrae are different.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least third vertebra is located between the first vertebra and the second vertebra or adjacent to the first vertebra or the second vertebra.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least third vertebra comprises a third, a fourth, a fifth, or a sixth vertebrae.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to interpolate between the pose of the first vertebra and the pose of the second vertebra to determine the pose of the at least third vertebra.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein interpolating between the pose of the first vertebra and the pose of the second vertebra comprises a linear interpolation.

6. The system of claim 4 , wherein interpolating between the pose of the first vertebra and the pose of the second vertebra comprises a polynomial interpolation.

7. The system of claim 4 , wherein interpolating between the pose of the first vertebra and the pose of the second vertebra comprises a spline interpolation.

8. The system of claim 4 , wherein interpolating between the pose of the first vertebra and the pose of the second vertebra comprises fitting a spline connecting corresponding portions of the first vertebra, the second vertebra, and the at least third vertebra.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to determine the pose of the first vertebra and the pose of the second vertebra at a first position of the spine and at a second position of the spine and to determine the difference between the pose of the first vertebra at the first position and at the second position of the spine and the difference between the pose of the second vertebra at the first position and the second position of the spine to determine the pose of the at least third vertebra at the second position, wherein the first and the second position of the spine are different.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to interpolate between the pose difference for the first vertebra and the pose difference for the second vertebra to determine the pose of the at least third vertebra.

11. The system of claim 10 , wherein interpolating between the pose difference for the first vertebra and the pose difference for the second vertebra comprises a linear interpolation.

12. The system of claim 10 , wherein interpolating between the pose difference for the first vertebra and the pose difference for the second vertebra comprises a polynomial interpolation.

13. The system of claim 10 , wherein interpolating between the pose difference for the first vertebra and the pose difference for the second vertebra comprises a spline interpolation.

14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system comprises at least one graphical representation and wherein the system comprises at least one computer monitor, at least one head mounted display or combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one computer monitor, the at least one head mounted display or combinations thereof is configured to display the at least one graphical representation.

15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to generate a 3D stereoscopic view based on the at least one graphical representation, and wherein the 3D stereoscopic view is displayed by the at least one head mounted display.

16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the graphical representation comprises at least one of a virtual axis, virtual trajectory, virtual path, virtual start point, virtual bone entry point, virtual endpoint, virtual screw, virtual cage, virtual implant, virtual device, virtual magnified display, tracking data of a tracked instrument, tracked virtual instrument, tracked virtual tool, virtual aiming tool or combinations thereof.

17. The system of claim 14 , wherein the system is configured to update in real time the graphical representation responsive to movement of the patient, the spine, the first marker, the second marker, the first vertebra, the second vertebra, the at least third vertebra, a surgeon, a surgeon's head, at least one head mounted display, an instrument, a tool, an implant, a tracked instrument, a tracked tool, an implant, or combinations thereof.

18. The system of claim 15 , wherein the system is configured to update in real time the 3D stereoscopic view responsive to movement of at least one of the patient, the spine, the first marker, the second marker, the first vertebra, the second vertebra, the at least third vertebra, a surgeon, a surgeon's head, the at least one head mounted display, an instrument, a tool, an implant, a tracked instrument, a tracked tool, an implant, or combinations thereof.

19. The system of claim 15 , wherein the at least one head mounted display is an optical see through optical head mounted display.

20. The system of claim 15 , wherein the at least one head mounted display is a video see through head mounted display.