Continuous processes and systems to reduce energy requirements of using zeolites for carbon capture under humid conditions
The direct air capture (DAC) systems and methods efficiently and economically regenerate a desiccant bed without adding any thermal energy and without requiring any pressurization or depressurization of the desiccant reactors. The methods leverage water concentration differences in stream flows, the water concentration profile across a desiccant bed, and, optionally, exothermic water adsorption. These three elements, working in combination, are referred to as “reverse dry flow regeneration” or a “reverse dry air swing” regeneration process. Systems and methods for reverse flow regeneration include those for CO 2 DAC applications, but they are also applicable to point source carbon capture and other similar technologies that require initial gas dehydration before exposure to a hydrophilic material.
1. A direct air capture (DAC) method for separating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air while regenerating a desiccant reactor, the method comprising:
adsorption and desorption of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water,
wherein the adsorption includes:
drawing a first ambient air stream ( 101 ) into a direct air capture plant along a first flow path (F 1 );
receiving the first drawn-in ambient air stream ( 102 ) in a portion of a first desiccant reactor ( 119 );
removing humidity from the first drawn-in ambient air stream ( 102 ) with the first desiccant reactor ( 119 ) to create a first relatively dry inlet gas stream ( 103 );
receiving the first relatively dry inlet gas stream ( 103 ) in a first solid sorbent bed ( 121 ),
adsorbing remaining humidity and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) with the first solid sorbent bed ( 121 ) to create a first dry outlet gas stream ( 104 );
passing the first dry outlet gas stream ( 104 ) through a second desiccant reactor ( 169 );
removing water from the second desiccant reactor ( 169 ) as the first dry outlet gas stream ( 104 ) reacts with a desiccant in the second desiccant reactor ( 169 ); and
re-adsorbing the removed water into ambient air ( 140 ); and
wherein the desorption includes:
applying a vacuum to a third solid sorbent bed and a fourth solid sorbent bed to remove air from the third solid sorbent bed and from the fourth solid sorbent bed and to remove nitrogen from a solid sorbent in the third solid sorbent bed and in the fourth solid sorbent bed; and
heating the solid sorbent in the third solid sorbent bed and in the fourth solid sorbent bed to desorb carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water.
2. A method of claim 1 further comprising:
drawing a second ambient air stream ( 151 ) into the direct air capture plant along a second flow path (F 2 ), wherein the second flow path (F 2 ) is in a direction opposite to the first flow path (F 1 );
receiving the second drawn-in ambient air stream ( 151 ) in a portion of the second desiccant reactor ( 169 ) to create a second relatively dry inlet gas stream ( 153 );
receiving the second relatively dry inlet gas stream ( 153 ) in a second solid sorbent bed ( 171 );
adsorbing remaining humidity and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the second solid sorbent bed ( 171 ) to create a second dry outlet gas stream ( 154 ); and
regenerating the first desiccant reactor ( 119 ) including:
receiving the second dry outlet gas stream ( 154 ) in a portion of the first desiccant reactor ( 119 );
removing water from the first desiccant reactor ( 119 ) as the second dry outlet gas stream ( 154 ) reacts with a desiccant in the first desiccant reactor ( 119 ); and
re-adsorbing the removed water into ambient air ( 130 ).
3. A method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the solid sorbent beds is a zeolite bed.
4. A method of claim 2 , further comprising:
filtering at least one of the group of the first ambient air stream ( 101 ) and the second ambient air stream ( 151 ).
5. A method of claim 2 , further comprising:
separating the first ambient air stream ( 101 ) from the second dry outlet gas stream ( 154 ) with an air sealing separator positioned between the first flow path (F 1 ) and the second flow path (F 2 ).
6. A method of claim 2 , further comprising:
ejecting at least one of the group of the re-adsorbed water from the second desiccant reactor and the re-adsorbed water from the first desiccant reactor into ambient air.
7. A method of claim 1 , further comprising:
transferring thermal energy generated from the adsorption of water in the first desiccant reactor ( 119 ) to the dry stream ( 104 ) exiting the first solid sorbent bed ( 121 ).
8. A method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the group of the first desiccant reactor and the second desiccant reactor are desiccant wheels.
9. A method of claim 8 , wherein the desiccant wheels rotate between the first ambient air stream ( 101 ) and the second ambient air stream ( 151 ), such that a portion of each desiccant wheel is continuously adsorbing moisture from the respective incoming ambient stream while the remaining portion of each desiccant wheel is being regenerated by reverse dry flow of the outlet air stream.
10. A method of claim 8 , wherein the at least one of the group of the first desiccant reactor and the second desiccant reactor includes an integrated filter, and the method further comprises filtering at least one of the group of the first ambient air stream ( 101 ) and the second ambient air stream ( 151 ) with the integrated filter.
11. A direct air capture (DAC) method for separating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air while regenerating desiccant reactors, the method comprising:
separating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air including:
drawing a first ambient air stream ( 801 ) into a direct air capture plant along a first flow path (F 1 ),
receiving the first drawn-in humid inlet gas stream ( 801 ) in a portion of a first desiccant reactor ( 883 ) to create a first relatively dry inlet gas stream ( 802 ),
receiving the first relatively dry inlet gas stream ( 802 ) in a solid sorbent bed ( 887 ), and
adsorbing remaining humidity and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the solid sorbent bed ( 887 ) to create a first dry outlet gas stream ( 803 );
regenerating a second desiccant reactor ( 891 ) including:
receiving the first dry outlet gas stream ( 803 ) in a portion of the second desiccant reactor ( 891 ),
removing water from the second desiccant reactor ( 891 ) as the first dry outlet gas stream ( 803 ) reacts with a desiccant in the second desiccant reactor ( 891 ), and
re-adsorbing the removed water into ambient air ( 804 );
drawing a second ambient air stream ( 811 ) into the direct air capture plant along a second flow path (F 2 ), wherein the second flow path F 2 ) is in a direction opposite to the first flow path (F 1 );
receiving the second drawn-in ambient air stream ( 811 ) in a portion of the second desiccant reactor ( 891 ) to create a second relatively dry inlet gas stream ( 812 );
receiving the second relatively dry inlet gas stream ( 812 ) in a second solid sorbent bed ( 889 );
adsorbing remaining humidity and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the second solid sorbent bed ( 889 ) to create a second dry outlet gas stream ( 813 ); and
regenerating the first desiccant reactor ( 883 ) including:
receiving the second dry outlet gas stream ( 813 ) in a portion of the first desiccant reactor ( 883 ),
removing water from the first desiccant reactor ( 883 ) as the second dry outlet gas stream ( 813 ) reacts with a desiccant in the first desiccant reactor ( 883 ), and
re-adsorbing the removed water into ambient air ( 830 ),
wherein the first flow path (F 1 ) and the second flow path (F 2 ) are continuous adsorption streams that enter the direct air capture plant from opposite directions.
12. The method for separating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air while regenerating the desiccant reactors of claim 11 , wherein at least one of the solid sorbent beds is a zeolite bed.
13. The method for separating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air while regenerating the desiccant reactors of claim 11 , further comprising:
filtering at least one of the group of the first ambient air stream ( 801 ) and the second ambient air stream ( 811 ).
14. The method for separating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air while regenerating the desiccant reactors of claim 11 , further comprising:
separating the first ambient air stream ( 801 ) from the second dry outlet gas stream ( 813 ) with an air sealing separator positioned between the first flow path and the second flow path.
15. The method for separating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air while regenerating the desiccant reactors of claim 11 , further comprising:
transferring thermal energy generated from the adsorption of water in desiccant reactor ( 883 ) to the dry stream ( 803 ) exiting the solid sorbent bed ( 887 ).
16. The method for separating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air while regenerating the desiccant reactors of claim 10 , wherein the first desiccant reactor ( 883 ) and the second desiccant reactor ( 891 ) are desiccant wheels.
17. The method for separating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air while regenerating the desiccant reactors of claim 16 , wherein the desiccant wheels ( 883 , 891 ) rotate between the first ambient air stream ( 801 ) and the second ambient air stream ( 811 ), such that a portion of each desiccant wheel ( 883 , 891 ) is continuously adsorbing moisture from the respective incoming ambient stream ( 801 , 811 ) while the remaining portion of each desiccant wheel ( 883 , 891 ) is being regenerated by reverse dry flow of the outlet air streams.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein each of the desiccant wheel of the first reactor and the desiccant wheel of the second reactor includes an integrated filter, and the method further comprises filtering at least one of the group of the first ambient air stream ( 101 ) and the second ambient air stream ( 151 ) with the integrated filter.
19. The method of claim 11 ,
wherein the solid sorbent bed ( 887 ) includes two reactors,
wherein the second solid sorbent bed ( 889 ) includes two reactors,
wherein the two reactors included in the solid sorbent bed ( 887 ) are configured such that a first reactor of the solid sorbent bed ( 887 ) is regenerated while a second reactor of the solid sorbent bed ( 887 ) continues to adsorb, and
wherein the two reactors included in the second solid sorbent bed ( 889 ) are configured such that a first reactor of the second solid sorbent bed ( 889 ) is regenerated while a second reactor of the second solid sorbent bed ( 889 ) continues to adsorb.