Apparatus and method for detecting, identifying and locating drones
A drone detection, identification and location system and method may illuminate a target with one or multiple selected radio-frequency (RF) carrier frequencies. Both direct emissions received from the target and re-emissions generated by the target may be processed to determine whether the target is a drone. The re-emissions may be generated by circuitry of the target resulting from the illumination with the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies. The re-emissions may comprise cross-modulation products (CMPs) including forced non-linear emissions (FNLEs). The direct emissions and the re-emissions may be processed to generate an RF signature for the target. The target may be determined to be drone and the type of drone may be identified based on the RF signature.
1. An apparatus for drone detection, identification and location, the apparatus comprising: processing circuitry; and memory, wherein the processing circuitry is to:
configure transceiver circuitry to illuminate a target with one or multiple radio-frequency (RF) carrier frequencies; and
process direct emissions received from the target and re-emissions generated by the target to generate an RF signature for the target and determine, based on the RF signature, whether the target is a drone,
wherein the re-emissions are generated by circuitry of the target resulting from the illumination with the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the re-emissions comprise cross-modulation products (CMPs) caused from a mixing of the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies with signals present on the circuitry of the target.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the CMPs include forced non-linear emissions (FNLEs) generated by the target,
wherein the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies are selected to cause circuitry of the target to produce the FNLEs, and
wherein the processing circuitry is configured to process frequency, amplitude and phase characteristics of the direct emissions and the re-emissions to generate the RF signature for the target.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the one or multiple carrier frequencies are selected to be at or near antenna frequencies of the target.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the direct emissions comprise emissions from a clock signal of the circuitry of the target, and
wherein the CMPs comprise a product of the clock signal and one of the RF carrier frequencies.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the direct emissions of the target further include RF emissions from one or more busses of the circuitry of the target and RF emissions from switching of control circuitry of the target; and
wherein the CMPs are generated from a mixing of the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies with the RF emissions from the one or more busses and the RF emissions from the control circuitry.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the memory is configured to store a plurality of RF signatures of known drone types, each signature associated with:
CMPs for one or more different types of drones for one or more of the multiple carrier frequencies, and
direct-emission characteristics for the one or more different types of drones, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to:
compare the RF signature generated from the direct emissions and the re-emissions with the RF signatures stored in the memory to determine whether the target as a drone and to determine a type of drone.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the processing circuitry is to configure the transceiver circuitry to transmit a set of the multiple RF carrier frequencies, and
wherein the processing circuitry is to process the CMPs generated from the set of multiple RF carrier frequencies along with the direct emissions to generate the RF signature for the target.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein to process the CMPs, the processing circuitry is configured to apply one or more matched filters.
10. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine a geo-location of the target comprising a range and an angle by processing the CMPs generated by the target caused by illumination of the target comprising the one or multiple carrier frequencies.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine the geo-location of the target by processing the direct emissions, the re-emissions, and CMP return signals re-emitted by the target caused by illumination of the target with a pulse comprising the one or multiple carrier frequencies.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein after receiving the direct emissions received and re-emissions, and after receipt of the CMP return signal, the processing circuitry is configured to configure the transceiver circuitry to shift to transmission of a mono-frequency illumination pulse and a predetermined window based on the CMP return signal.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the direct emissions comprise RF signals within a first spectrum and the re-emissions comprise RF signals with a second spectrum, the one or multiple carrier frequencies being within the second spectrum.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the transceiver circuitry is configured to be coupled to one or more directional antennas for transmission of the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies in a direction of the target, and
wherein the transceiver circuitry is configured to be coupled to an array of receive antennas to receive the signals from the target including the direct emissions, the re-emissions and the return signals,
wherein at least one of the receive antennas is configured to receive the direct emissions and re-emissions.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to cause the transceiver circuitry to scan an area with the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies to detect targets in the area based on re-emissions received through the array of receive antennas.
16. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the apparatus comprises a software-defined radio (SDR).
17. A method for drone detection comprising:
illuminating a target with one or multiple radio-frequency (RF) carrier frequencies; and
processing direct emissions received from the target and re-emissions generated by the target to generate an RF signature for the target and determine, based on the RF signature, whether the target is a drone,
wherein the re-emissions are generated by circuitry of the target resulting from the illumination with the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies,
wherein the re-emissions comprise cross-modulation products (CMPs) caused from a mixing of the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies with signals present on the circuitry of the target.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the CMPs include forced non-linear emissions (FNLEs) generated by the target,
wherein the method further comprises selecting the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies to cause circuitry of the target to produce the FNLEs, and
wherein the processing circuitry is configured to process frequency, amplitude and phase characteristics of the direct emissions and the re-emissions to generate the RF signature for the target.
19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising determining a geo-location of the target comprising a range and an angle by processing the CMPs generated by the target caused by illumination of the target comprising the one or multiple carrier frequencies.
20. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions for execution by processing circuitry, wherein for drone detection, the processing circuitry is configured to:
configure transceiver circuitry to illuminate a target with one or multiple radio-frequency (RF) carrier frequencies; and
process direct emissions received from the target and re-emissions generated by the target to generate an RF signature for the target and determine, based on the RF signature, whether the target is a drone,
wherein the re-emissions are generated by circuitry of the target resulting from the illumination with the one or multiple RF carrier frequencies.