Ultrafast, high-energy supercapacitors with open-shell polymer-carbon-based compound composites
Embodiments of the presently disclosed technology provide a synergistic combination of a conjugated open-shell donor-acceptor polymer with a carbon-based compound (e.g., reduced graphene oxide) to produce a composite electrode material which demonstrates state-of-the-art capacitance and potential window, with excellent kinetics and cycle life. The conjugated open-shell donor-acceptor polymer may comprise a plurality of alternating electron-rich monomers (i.e., donors) and electron-deficient monomers (i.e., acceptors) bonded together via a conjugated backbone. The conjugated backbone may comprise a connection of n-orbitals of the plurality of monomers in alternating single and double bonds that facilitates unpaired electron delocalization—thereby stabilizing charge for the polymer. The carbon-based compound of the composite electrode material may provide porous, conductive scaffolds for the composite electrode material, resulting in electrodes scalable to microns-thick films with fast kinetics.
1. A composite electrode material comprising:
poly(4,6,7,9-tetra(thiophen-2-yl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline)(poly-QxTh); and a carbon-based compound.
2. The composite electrode material of claim 1 , produced through electrodeposition of the poly-QxTh and the carbon-based compound.
3. The composite electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-based compound comprises reduced graphene oxide (rGO).
4. The composite electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the composite electrode material operates stably at negative voltages with respect to an Ag/Ag+ reference electrode.
5. The composite electrode material of claim 1 , wherein:
the poly-QxTh comprises an open-shell donor-acceptor polymer comprising a plurality of alternating electron-rich and electron-deficient QxTh monomers bonded together via a conjugated backbone;
the poly-QxTh includes unpaired electrons when the poly-QxTh is in a ground state; and
the conjugated backbone comprises a connection of π-orbitals of the plurality of QxTh monomers in alternating single bonds and double-bonds that facilitates delocalization of the unpaired electrons.
6. A supercapacitor comprising:
an anode comprising poly-QxTh and a carbon based compound.
7. The supercapacitor of claim 6 , wherein the carbon-based compound comprises rGO.
8. The supercapacitor of claim 7 , wherein the ratio of poly-QxTh to rGO in the anode is between 1:1 and 1:10.
9. The supercapacitor of claim 6 , wherein the supercapacitor operates at frequencies of 120 hertz (Hz) and above.
10. The supercapacitor of claim 6 , wherein the supercapacitor operates stably over a 3 V range.
11. The supercapacitor of claim 6 , incorporated into a wireless device, wherein the supercapacitor powers the wireless device.
12. The supercapacitor of claim 6 , wherein:
the poly-QxTh comprises an open-shell donor-acceptor polymer comprising a plurality of alternating electron-rich and electron-deficient QxTh monomers bonded together via a conjugated backbone;
the poly-QxTh includes unpaired electrons when the poly-QxTh is in a ground state; and
the conjugated backbone comprises a connection of π-orbitals of the plurality of QxTh monomers in alternating single bonds and double-bonds that facilitates delocalization of the unpaired electrons.