Power flow control system for a distribution grid having a grid forming capability
A system for managing power delivery and power flow in a distribution grid having grid forming capability is disclosed. The system includes a connect-disconnect switches operable to connect a power transmission grid to and disconnect the power transmission grid from the distribution grid. The distribution grid includes renewable energy generators and a number of loads. The system further includes a full bridge shunt inverter system connected to the distribution grid. The full bridge shunt inverter system includes a four-quadrant DC-to-AC inverter and at least a battery for power storage and operable as a power source for grid formation. The system further includes a pair of active filters connected in series on the distribution grid. The full bridge shunt inverter system is connected to the distribution grid at a node between the active filters to enable impedance adjustment for managing and controlling the power flow in the distribution grid.
1. A system for controlling power delivery and power flow in a distribution grid having grid forming capability, the system comprising:
a connect-disconnect switch operable to connect a power transmission grid to and disconnect the power transmission grid from the distribution grid, the distribution grid having renewable energy generators and a plurality of loads;
a full bridge shunt inverter system connected to the distribution grid, the full bridge shunt inverter system comprising a four-quadrant DC-to-AC inverter and at least a battery for power storage and operable as a power source for grid formation; and
a pair of active filters connected in series on the distribution grid;
wherein the active filters are operable in at least four filter states; and
wherein the full bridge shunt inverter system is connected to the distribution grid at a node between the active filters to enable impedance adjustment for power flow control of the distribution grid.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the active filters are operable by a utility to control impedance of transmission lines at the node.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the at least four filter states include:
a first filter state in which the active filters are operable to exert no control on power flow conditions of the distribution grid;
a second filter state in which the active filters are operable to reduce power flow from the power transmission grid to the distribution grid, or from the distribution grid to the power transmission grid;
a third filter state in which the active filters are operable to enable the battery to charge using power drawn from the power transmission grid, and to provide power drawn from the renewable energy generators to the loads; and
a fourth filter state in which the active filters are operable to isolate the full bridge shunt inverter system from the power transmission grid, and to provide the power drawn from the renewable energy generators to the loads.
4. The system of claim 1 further comprising a controller to:
operate the connect-disconnect switch to connect the power transmission grid to and disconnect the power transmission grid from the distribution grid,
continuously sense voltages and currents on the distribution grid, and
(i) operate the full bridge shunt inverter system to generate and inject impedance into the distribution grid at the node to provide power factor correction at the plurality of loads, or (ii) provide switching instructions to the four-quadrant DC-to-AC inverter to enable grid formation and sustain continued operation of the distribution grid.
5. The system of claim 4 wherein the controller and the active filters are communicatively coupled to each other and to a utility via a plurality of communication links.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein each active filter includes a plurality of full bridge impedance injection units (IIUs) connected in a series-parallel connection.
7. The system of claim 6 wherein each active filter further includes a fault current protection module connected in parallel with the full bridge IIUs, to provide fault current protection to the full bridge IIUs.
8. The system of claim 6 wherein each IIU includes a plurality of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) based switches.
9. The system of claim 8 wherein each FACTS-based switch includes a switch control circuit and an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), the switch control circuit being controlled by a master controller to adjust switch initiation and timing of the IGBT.
10. The system of claim 6 wherein each IIU includes a capacitor and switch terminals, the capacitor being connected across the switch terminals.
11. A method of controlling power flow between a power transmission grid and a distribution grid having grid forming capability, the distribution grid being connected in series with a pair of active filters, the method comprising:
in a first filter state, operating the active filters to exert no control on power flow conditions of the distribution grid;
in a second filter state, operating the active filters to reduce power flow from the power transmission grid to the distribution grid, or from the distribution grid to the power transmission grid;
in a third filter state, operating the active filters to enable at least one battery of a full bridge shunt inverter system to charge using power drawn from the power transmission grid, and to provide power drawn from renewable energy generators of the distribution grid to a plurality of loads of the distribution grid; and
in a fourth filter state, operating the active filters to isolate the full bridge shunt inverter system from the power transmission grid, and to provide the power drawn from the renewable energy generators to the loads.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein
the full bridge shunt inverter system comprises a four-quadrant DC-to-AC inverter and the at least one battery for power storage and operable as a power source for grid formation;
the full bridge shunt inverter system is connected to the distribution grid at a node between the active filters to enable impedance adjustment for power flow control of the distribution grid.
13. The method of claim 12 further comprising:
operating, through a controller, a connect-disconnect switch to connect the power transmission grid to and disconnect the power transmission grid from the distribution grid;
continuously sensing, through the controller, voltages and currents on the distribution grid; and
(i) operating, through the controller, the full bridge shunt inverter system to generate and inject impedance into the distribution grid at the node to provide power factor correction at the plurality of loads, or (ii) providing, through the controller, switching instructions to the four-quadrant DC-to-AC inverter to enable grid formation and sustain continued operation of the distribution grid.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the active filters and the controller are communicatively coupled to each other, and to a utility that operates the active filters and the controller via a plurality of communication links.
15. The method of claim 11 wherein each active filter includes a plurality of full bridge impedance injection units (IIUs) connected in a series-parallel connection.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein each active filter further includes a fault current protection module connected in parallel with the full bridge IIUs, to provide fault current protection to the full bridge IIUs.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein each IIU includes a plurality of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) based switches.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein each FACTS-based switch includes a switch control circuit and an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), the switch control circuit being controlled by a master controller to adjust switch initiation and timing of the IGBT.
19. The method of claim 15 wherein each IIU includes a capacitor and switch terminals, the capacitor being connected across the switch terminals.
20. The method of claim 11 wherein the renewable energy generators are connected to the distribution grid through a plurality of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) based controllers.