Testing apparatus and methods for measuring forces between objects
Aspects of the present disclosure relate to testing apparatus and methods for measuring forces between objects. The apparatus and methods are used to detect a change in the local gravitational constant resulting from non-Newtonian effects of General Relativity and/or a novel radial dilation influence. Detection is facilitated by measuring a force difference between a stationary state and a spinning state of attractive forces between objects. The apparatus and methods are used to detect a change in electromechanical influence of forces due to the Barnett affect and other anomalous electromagnetic force contributors. A testing apparatus includes a central target arrangement. The central target arrangement includes a pair of masses, and a target coupled to the pair of masses. The testing apparatus includes a detector configured to recognize the target, and a first rotatable mass. The first rotatable mass is supported independently of the target and the pair of target masses.
1. A testing apparatus, comprising:
a central target arrangement comprising:
a pair of masses, and
a target coupled to the pair of masses;
a detector configured to recognize the target;
a stage;
a first spinner tower comprising a first rotatable mass, wherein the first rotatable mass is supported independently of the target and the pair of masses; and
a second spinner tower comprising a second rotatable mass, wherein each of the first spinner tower and the second spinner tower respectively comprises:
a tower housing coupled to a tower base, wherein the respective first rotatable mass or second rotatable mass is received within the tower housing, and
an electric motor mounted to the tower housing, the electric motor configured to rotate the respective first rotatable mass or second rotatable mass relative to the tower housing at a rotation speed.
2. The testing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first rotatable mass is rotatable about a central axis thereof, and the central target arrangement further comprises a target housing, wherein the pair of masses are disposed within the target housing, the target is disposed within the target housing, and the first rotatable mass is disposed outside of the target housing of the central target arrangement.
3. The testing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least a part of the first rotatable mass has a spherical shape.
4. The testing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least a part of the first rotatable mass has a cylindrical shape.
5. The testing apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a second rotatable mass supported independently of the target and the pair of masses, wherein the first rotatable mass is disposed on a first side of the target and the second rotatable mass is disposed on a second side of the target, and the second side is opposite of the first side.
6. The testing apparatus of claim 5 , wherein each of the pair of masses, the first rotatable mass, and the second rotatable mass is formed of a non-magnetic material that includes tungsten.
7. The testing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the target includes a pendulum suspended from a wire and an optical structure mounted to the pendulum, and the detector is an optical detector configured to emit light toward the optical structure and receive reflected light that is reflected from the optical structure.
8. The testing apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the pendulum is coupled to the pair of masses to move the pendulum upon movement of the pair of masses.
9. The testing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the target includes a target atom that is configured to oscillate, and the detector is configured to detect an oscillation frequency of the target atom.
10. The testing apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the target atom and the detector are part of a chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC), the CSAC operable to determine an oscillation frequency of the target atom.
11. The testing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the rotation speed is greater than 1,000 rotations-per-minute.
12. The testing apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the rotation speed is greater than 5,000 rotations-per-minute.
13. The testing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the stage comprises:
a stage base configured to raise and lower a stage block;
a rotary pedestal coupled to the stage block and configured to rotate relative to the stage block;
a first movable tray movably coupled to the rotary pedestal; and
a second movable tray movably coupled to the rotary pedestal,
wherein the first and second movable trays are respectively coupled to the tower bases of the first and second spinner towers.
14. The testing apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a base; and
a table mounted to the base through a plurality of columns, the table comprising a first opening, a second opening, and a beam separating the first opening and the second opening,
wherein the central target arrangement further comprises a target housing mounted to the table above the beam, the stage is mounted to the base, and the stage is positioned inwardly of the plurality of columns,
wherein the first spinner tower is coupled to the stage and extending through the first opening on a first side of the target housing, and
wherein the second spinner tower is coupled to the stage and extending through the second opening on a second side of the target housing, and wherein the target housing is mounted to the table through one or more brackets coupled to the table and a rod extending into the beam.
15. A testing apparatus, comprising:
a base;
a table mounted to the base through a plurality of columns, the table comprising a first opening, a second opening, and a beam separating the first opening and the second opening;
a stage mounted to the base, the stage positioned inwardly of the plurality of columns;
a central target arrangement comprising:
a pair of masses,
a target coupled to the pair of masses, and
a target housing mounted to the table above the beam through one or more brackets coupled to the table and a rod extending into the beam;
a detector configured to recognize the target;
a first spinner tower comprising a first rotatable mass, the first spinner tower coupled to the stage and extending through the first opening on a first side of the target housing, wherein the first rotatable mass is supported independently of the target and the pair of masses; and
a second spinner tower comprising a second rotatable mass, the second spinner tower coupled to the stage and extending through the second opening on a second side of the target housing.
16. The testing apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the first rotatable mass is rotatable about a central axis thereof, wherein the pair of masses are disposed within the target housing, the target is disposed within the target housing, and the first rotatable mass is disposed outside of the target housing of the central target arrangement.
17. The testing apparatus of claim 15 , wherein at least a part of the first rotatable mass has a spherical shape.
18. The testing apparatus of claim 15 , wherein at least a part of the first rotatable mass has a cylindrical shape.
19. The testing apparatus of claim 15 , further comprising a second rotatable mass supported independently of the target and the pair of masses, wherein the first rotatable mass is disposed on a first side of the target and the second rotatable mass is disposed on a second side of the target, and the second side is opposite of the first side.
20. The testing apparatus of claim 19 , wherein each of the pair of masses, the first rotatable mass, and the second rotatable mass is formed of a non-magnetic material that includes tungsten.
21. The testing apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the target includes a pendulum suspended from a wire and an optical structure mounted to the pendulum, and the detector is an optical detector configured to emit light toward the optical structure and receive reflected light that is reflected from the optical structure.
22. The testing apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the pendulum is coupled to the pair of masses to move the pendulum upon movement of the pair of masses.
23. The testing apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the target includes a target atom that is configured to oscillate, and the detector is configured to detect an oscillation frequency of the target atom.
24. The testing apparatus of claim 23 , wherein the target atom and the detector are part of a chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC), the CSAC operable to determine an oscillation frequency of the target atom.
25. The testing apparatus of claim 15 , wherein each of the first spinner tower and the second spinner tower respectively comprises:
a tower housing coupled to a tower base, wherein the respective first rotatable mass or second rotatable mas is received within the tower housing, and
an electric motor mounted to the tower housing, the electric motor configured to rotate the respective first rotatable mass or second rotatable mass relative to the tower housing at a rotation speed,
wherein the rotation speed is greater than 1,000 rotations-per-minute.
26. The testing apparatus of claim 25 , wherein the rotation speed is greater than 5,000 rotations-per-minute.
27. The testing apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the stage comprises:
a stage base configured to raise and lower a stage block;
a rotary pedestal coupled to the stage block and configured to rotate relative to the stage block;
a first movable tray movably coupled to the rotary pedestal; and
a second movable tray movably coupled to the rotary pedestal,
wherein the first and second movable trays are respectively coupled to tower bases of the first and second spinner towers.