Distributed semi-autonomous phased arrays for subsurface VLF transmission

1. A system for subsurface transmission comprising:

a first array of very low frequency (VLF) transmitter nodes each hosted on an airborne platform, each VLF transmitter node comprising:

a controller;

a VLF transmitter coupled to the controller;

a data buffer coupled to the controller;

a navigation subsystem coupled to the controller; and

a communications transceiver coupled to the controller;

wherein each VLF transmitter node is positioned less than one wavelength of a desired very low frequency from another VLF transmitter node;

wherein data to be transmitted is received by the communications transceiver in each VLF transmitter node and stored in the data buffer in each VLF transmitter node; and

wherein each respective VLF transmitter node transmits the data in the data buffer of the respective VLF transmitter node with phasing or timing.

2. The system of claim 1 :

wherein each VLF transmitter node is positioned roughly a quarter wavelength of the desired very low frequency from another VLF transmitter node; and

wherein transmission for a respective VLF transmitter node begins at time (t0+vg*(hmax-h)), where h is a height of a respective VLF transmitter node, hmax is a height of a highest VLF transmitter node in the array, vg is a group velocity of a Norton wave, and t0 is a time the highest VLF transmitter node begins transmission.

3. The system of claim 1 :

wherein each VLF transmitter node is positioned roughly a quarter wavelength of the desired very low frequency from another VLF transmitter node; and

wherein transmission of the data in the data buffer for each respective VLF transmitter node begins at the same time.

4. The system of claim 1 :

wherein the airborne platforms comprise fixed wing aircraft, rotorcraft, lighter than air vehicles, drones or unmanned airborne vehicles (UAVs).

5. The system of claim 1 further comprising:

a very low frequency (VLF) sensor on the surface of the body of water;

wherein the VLF sensor measures a characteristic of a received VLF signal generated by the array of VLF transmitter nodes;

wherein the sensor transmits the characteristic of the received VLF signal; and

wherein the transmitted characteristic of the received VLF signal is received by the communications transceiver and used by the controller in each VLF transmitter node to adjust a transmission phasing or timing of each VLF transmitter node in the array to optimize the characteristic of the received VLF signal.

6. The system of claim 5 wherein each VLF transmitter node further comprises:

a propulsion system on the airborne platform coupled to the controller;

wherein the transmitted characteristic of the received VLF signal is received by the communications transceiver and used by the controller in each VLF transmitter node to adjust a position of the VLF transmitter node in the array.

7. The system of claim 1 further comprising:

a second array of very low frequency (VLF) transmitter nodes each hosted on an airborne platform and arranged in a plane parallel to the surface of a body of water, each VLF transmitter node in the second array comprising:

a controller;

a VLF transmitter coupled to the controller;

a data buffer coupled to the controller;

a navigation subsystem coupled to the controller; and

a communications transceiver coupled to the controller;

wherein each VLF transmitter node in the second array is positioned less than one wavelength of the desired very low frequency from another VLF transmitter node in the second array;

wherein the second array of VLF transmitter nodes is parallel to the first array of VLF transmitter nodes; and

wherein the first array and the second array are vertically separated from one another by less than one half wavelength of the desired very low frequency.

8. The system of claim 7 :

wherein the transmission of data from each respective VLF transmitter node in the first and the second array is phased or timed.

9. The system of claim 7 :

wherein the transmission of data from each respective VLF transmitter node in the first array begins at the same first time;

wherein the transmission of data from each respective VLF transmitter node in the second array begins at the same second time; and

wherein transmission from a lower plane of the first array is delayed by an amount.

10. The system of claim 7 :

wherein the vertical separation between the first array and the second array is one quarter wavelength of the desired very low frequency; and

wherein transmission from a lower plane of the first array and the second array is delayed by an amount.

11. The system of claim 7 :

wherein transmission from a lower plane of the first array and the second array is delayed.

12. The system of claim 1 :

wherein each VLF transmitter node is arranged in a plane that is substantially parallel to a surface of a body of water.

13. The system of claim 1 :

wherein each VLF transmitter node is arranged in a line or plane normal to a surface of a body of water.

14. The system of claim 1 :

wherein each VLF transmitter node is positioned less than one half wavelength of the desired very low frequency from another VLF transmitter node.