Biologically functional soft tissue scaffolds and implants
The invention relates to biologically functional scaffolds having a porous structure, methods of preparing, and methods of use thereof. The invention also relates to methods of repairing a defect, methods of culturing cells and promoting differentiation of stem cells using the same.
1. A biologically functional scaffold comprising one or more dispersed soft tissue(s) prepared from one or more native soft tissue(s), wherein (i) the dispersed soft tissue(s) comprise randomly interwoven collagen fibers and/or collagen fiber bundles, (ii) the density of the biologically functional scaffold is from about 0.005 g/cm 3 to 0.5 g/cm 3 in a dry state, and (iii) the biological functional scaffold has a porous structure wherein a porosity of the biological functional scaffold is greater than a porosity of the one or more native soft tissue(s);
wherein a relative ratio of extracellular matrix macromolecule components in the dispersed soft tissue(s) is about the same as a relative ratio of extracellular matrix macromolecule components in the native soft tissue(s).
2. The biologically functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the biologically functional scaffold is produced by a method comprising dispersing one or more soft tissue(s), and extracellular matrix macromolecule components of the resulting biologically functional scaffold are not modified by the method of producing said scaffold.
3. The biologically functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the weight percentage of said one or more dispersed soft tissue(s) in said biologically functional scaffold is from 50% to 100% in the dry state.
4. The biologically functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the biologically functional scaffold comprises pores having an average diameter from 1 μm to 4000 μm.
5. The biologically functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein an average void volume of the biologically functional scaffold is from about 10% to about 95%.
6. The biologically functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the biologically functional scaffold comprises fibers having an average diameter from 0.1 μm to 100 μm.
7. The biologically functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the biologically functional scaffold comprises fibers having an average length from 5 μm to 50 cm.
8. The biologically functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more soft tissue(s) is selected from the group consisting of fascia, cartilage, tendon, ligament, pericardium, fat, muscle, urethra, small intestine, placenta, umbilical cord, and dermis.
9. The biologically functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the biologically functional scaffold is sterile.
10. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the biologically functional scaffold remains coherent after rehydration in a liquid, and wherein the largest cross-section area of the biologically functional scaffold is reduced less than 70% from 4 weeks to 24 weeks after implantation at an implant site in an animal.
11. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein said soft tissue comprises dermis, fascia, tendon, placenta, and/or ligament, and wherein the density of the biologically functional scaffold is from about 0.05 g/cm3 to 0.5 g/cm3 in a dry state.
12. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein said soft tissue comprises placental membrane, amniotic membrane, chorionic membrane, and/or umbilical cord, and wherein the density of the biologically functional scaffold is from about 0.005 g/cm3 to 0.2 g/cm3 in a dry state.
13. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersed soft tissue is freeze-dried.
14. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 13 , wherein the dispersed soft tissue is a porous soft tissue.
15. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 14 , wherein the porous soft tissue has more space among the extracellular materials as compared with an undispersed soft tissue.
16. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 14 , wherein the porous soft tissue has an increased void volume as compared with an undispersed soft tissue.
17. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersed soft tissue is a porous soft tissue.
18. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 17 , wherein the porous soft tissue has more space among the extracellular materials as compared with an undispersed soft tissue.
19. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 17 , wherein the porous soft tissue has an increased void volume as compared with an undispersed soft tissue.
20. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersed soft tissue is a freeze-dried porous soft tissue and has more space among the extracellular materials and an increased void volume as compared with an undispersed soft tissue.
21. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersed soft tissue is decellularized or devitalized.
22. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersed soft tissue does not comprise a non-naturally occurring crosslinker.
23. The biological functional scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the biological functional scaffold has a porous structure with over 30% of the pores larger than 50 μm.