Polymer aerogel with improved mechanical and thermal properties
An aerogel that includes an open-cell structured polymer matrix is disclosed. The aerogel includes 5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of a polyamic amide polymer, based on the total weight of the aerogel, pores and at least 90% of the pore volume of the aerogel is made up of macropores, a porosity of at least 50%, as measure according to ASTM D4404-10, a density of 0.01 g/cm 3 to 0.5 g/cm 3 , and the aerogel is thermally stable to resist browning at 330° C.
1. An aerogel comprising an open-cell structured polymer matrix that includes 5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of a polyamic amide polymer, based on the total weight of the aerogel,
wherein the aerogel comprises pores and at least 90% of the pore volume of the aerogel is made up of pores with an average pore diameter of 500 nanometers (nm) to 1000 nm;
wherein the aerogel has a porosity of at least 80%, as measured according to ASTM D4404-10,
wherein the aerogel has a density of 0.05 g/cm 3 to 0.5 g/cm 3 ,
wherein the aerogel is thermally stable to resist browning at 330° C.; and
wherein the polyamic amide polymer has a repeating structural unit of
where each Z has the following structure:
where R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each individually a hydrogen (H) atom, an alkyl group, or a substituted alkyl group, with the proviso that at least one of R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is an alkyl group, or a substituted alkyl group,
X is a first organic group derived from the at least one diamine selected from the group consisting of 4,4′-oxydianiline, 3,4′-oxydianiline, 3,3-oxydianiline, p-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, diaminobenzanilide, 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid, 3,3′-diaminodiphenylsulfone, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfones, 1,3-bis-(4-aminophenoxy)benzene, 1,3-bis-(3-aminophenoxy)benzene, 1,4-bis-(4-aminophenoxy)benzene, 1,4-bis-(3-aminophenoxy)benzene, 2,2-Bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]-hexafluoropropane, 2,2-bis(3-aminophenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, 4,4′-isopropylidenedianiline, 1-(4-aminophenoxy)-3-(3-aminophenoxy)benzene, 1-(4-aminophenoxy)-4-(3-aminophenoxy)benzene, bis-[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfones, 2,2-bis[4-(3-aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfones, bis-[4-(4-aminophenoxy]phenyl)ether, 2,2′-bis-(4-aminophenyl)-hexafluoropropane, (6F-diamine), 2,2′-bis-(4-phenoxyaniline)isopropylidene, meta-phenylenediamine, para-phenylenediamine, 1,2-diaminobenzene, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)propane, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylpropane, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfide, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone, 3,4′-diaminodiphenylether, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether, 2,6-diaminopyridine, bis(3-aminophenyl)diethyl silane, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl diethyl silane, benzidine, dichlorobenzidine, 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine, 4,4′-diaminobenzophenone, N,N-bis(4-aminophenyl)-n-butylamine, N,N-bis(4-aminophenyl)methylamine, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl, 4-aminophenyl-3-aminobenzoate, N,N-bis(4-aminophenyl)aniline, bis(p-beta-amino-t-butylphenyl)ether, p-bis-2-(2-methyl-4-aminopentyl)benzene, p-bis(1,1-dimethyl-5-aminopentyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene, m-xylenediamine, p-xylenediamine, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyletherphosphine oxide, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl N-methylamine, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl N-phenylamine, amino-terminal polydimethylsiloxanes, amino-terminal polypropyleneoxides, amino-terminal polybutyleneoxides, 4,4′-methylenebis(2-methylcyclohexylamine), 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,5-diaminopentane, 1,6-diaminohexane, 1,7-diaminoheptane, 1,8-diaminooctane, 1,9-diaminononane, 1,10-diaminodecane, 4,4′-methylenebisbenzeneamine, 2,2′-dimethylbenzidine, (also known as 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl (DMB), bisaniline-p-xylidene, 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl, 3,3′-bis(4 aminophenoxy)biphenyl, 4,4′-(1,4-phenylenediisopropylidene)bisaniline, 4,4′-(1,3-phenylenediisopropylidene)bisaniline, and combinations thereof, and
and Y is a second organic group derived from the at least one dianhydride selected from the group consisting of hydroquinone dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-diphenylsulfone-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′-(4,4′-isopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride), 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)propane dianhydride, 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)sulfoxide dianhydride, polysiloxane-containing dianhydride, 2,2′3,3′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,3,2′,3′-benzophenonetetraearboxylic dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetraearboxylic dianhydride, naphthalene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-biphenylsulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)sulfide dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)methane dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)propane dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropene, 2,6-dichloronaphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,7-dichloronapthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,3,6,7-tetrachloronaphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, phenanthrene-8,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, pyrazine-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride: benzene-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, thiophene-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and combinations thereof.
2. The aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the aerogel includes 5 wt. % to 25 wt. % of the polyamic amide polymer based on the total weight of the aerogel.
3. The aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the aerogel has an elongation of 0.1% to 50%, as measured by ASTM D882-02.
4. The aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the aerogel has a tensile strength of 100 psi to 2500 psi, as measured by ASTM D882-02.
5. The aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the polyamic amide polymer is a copolymer comprising the repeating structural units of:
where m and n are average number of repeat units per chain ranging from 1 to 2000, and—wherein X, Y and Z are the same as defined in claim 1 .
6. The aerogel of claim 5 , wherein the copolymer is a branched copolymer.
7. The aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the repeating structural unit is:
wherein X and Y are the same as defined in claim 1 .
8. The aerogel of claim 1 , further comprising a polyimide polymer.
9. The aerogel of claim 8 , wherein the polyimide polymer has a repeating structural unit of:
wherein X and Y are the same as defined in claim 1 .
10. A film comprising the aerogel of claim 1 .
11. An article of manufacture comprising the aerogel of claim 1 .
12. The article of manufacture of claim 11 , wherein the article of manufacture comprises circuitry, and wherein the aerogel is comprised in a substrate that is attached to the circuitry.
13. The article of manufacture of claim 12 , wherein the aerogel provides thermal insulation to the circuitry.
14. The article of manufacture of claim 11 , wherein the article of manufacture is a radiofrequency antenna or a radome, and wherein the aerogel is comprised in a substrate for the radiofrequency antenna or the radome.
15. The article of manufacture of claim 14 , wherein the substrate is transparent to RF radiation.
16. The article of manufacture of claim 11 , wherein the article of manufacture comprises a face mask filter.
17. The article of manufacture of claim 11 , wherein the article of manufacture is an insulating material for an oil or gas pipeline, an apparel, a building, or an automobile.
18. The article of manufacture of claim 11 , wherein the article of manufacture is an insulating material for an aerospace application.