Combined hydrothermal liquefaction and catalytic hydrothermal gasification system and process for conversion of biomass feedstocks
A combined hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and catalytic hydrothermal gasification (CHG) system and process are described that convert various biomass-containing sources into separable bio-oils and aqueous effluents that contain residual organics. Bio-oils may be converted to useful bio-based fuels and other chemical feedstocks. Residual organics in HTL aqueous effluents may be gasified and converted into medium-BTU product gases and directly used for process heating or to provide energy.
1. A system for conversion of a biomass, the system comprising:
a hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) stage apparatus that hydrothermally liquefies the biomass in an aqueous medium at a temperature and pressure selected to form a crude conversion product comprising a bio-oil component and an aqueous component, wherein the HTL stage apparatus includes a solids separator configured to receive the crude conversion product and provide solids-free crude conversion product comprising the bio-oil component and the aqueous component; and
a catalytic hydrothermal gasification (CHG) stage apparatus operatively coupled to the HTL stage apparatus and configured to receive at least a portion of the solids-free crude conversion product having both the bio-oil component and the aqueous component, and form, at a selected temperature and pressure, a gas product containing at least one medium BTU product gas from the aqueous component.
2. The system of claim 1 further comprising an upgrade stage apparatus configured to upgrade the bio-oil component released from the solids separator over a hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature up to about 450° C. and a hydrogen partial pressure up to about 150 atmospheres (1.52×104 kPa) to form diesel and/or gasoline reactant green crude.
3. The system of claim 2 further comprising at least one heat exchanger operatively coupled to the upgrade stage apparatus.
4. The system of claim 3 further comprising another heat exchanger operatively coupled to the HTL stage apparatus.
5. The system of claim 4 wherein the heat exchangers are operably engaged to exchange thermal transfer fluid.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein the gas product when combusted generates sufficient energy such that the sum of the energy demands for conversion of the biomass to the product gas is a net positive.
7. The system of claim 1 further including one or more heat exchangers positioned to distribute heat to selected locations in the HTL stage apparatus and/or the CHG stage apparatus.
8. A biomass conversion process, the process comprising:
hydrothermally liquefying a biomass containing feedstock in an aqueous medium at a temperature and a pressure selected to form a crude biomass conversion product comprising:
solids;
a bio-oil component; and
an aqueous component;
separating the solids from the crude biomass conversion product to form a solids-free crude conversion product comprising the bio-oil component and the aqueous component; and
providing the aqueous component to a catalytic hydrothermal gasifier and catalytically hydrothermally gasifying the aqueous component over a selected catalyst at a temperature and a pressure selected to form a product gas containing at least one medium-BTU gas.
9. The process of claim 8 wherein the biomass containing feedstock comprises algae.
10. The process of claim 8 wherein the biomass containing feedstock comprises an aqueous slurry.
11. The process of claim 8 wherein both the hydrothermally liquefying and the catalytically hydrothermally gasifying are performed at the same operating pressure.
12. The process of claim 8 wherein the hydrothermally liquefying and the catalytically hydrothermally gasifying are sequentially performed in separate reactor stages.
13. The process of claim 8 wherein the hydrothermally liquefying and the catalytically hydrothermally gasifying are both performed at a pressure up to about 210 atmospheres and a temperature up to about 360° C.
14. The process of claim 8 wherein the catalytically hydrothermally gasifying generates heat, the process further comprising recycling the heat and using the heat for the hydrothermally liquefying and/or the catalytically hydrothermally gasifying.
15. The process of claim 8 wherein the catalytically hydrothermally gasifying is performed with a catalyst comprising one or more of Ru, Rh, Os, Ni, and/or Cu.
16. The process of claim 8 further comprising combusting the product gas to generate energy for one or both of the hydrothermally liquefying and/or the catalytically hydrothermally gasifying.