Driving methods to minimize the effect of leakage current in tunable elements
Antennas with tunable elements and methods for using the same are disclosed. In some embodiments, an antenna comprises: a plurality of radio-frequency (RF) radiating antenna elements, wherein each antenna element of the plurality of RF radiating antenna elements comprises a tunable element, circuitry connected to the tuning element to set a voltage on the tunable element. In some embodiments, the circuitry comprises a voltage storage structure, a first transistor having a first gate connected to the voltage storage structure, a first source connected to the tunable element, and a first drain for coupling to a constant voltage source, and a data voltage input terminal operable to apply a voltage to the voltage storage structure and to the first gate to determine current through the first transistor.
1 . An antenna comprising:
a plurality of radio-frequency (RF) radiating antenna elements, wherein each antenna element of the plurality of RF radiating antenna elements comprises
a tunable element subject to voltage degradation over time between write cycles in which drive voltages are written to tunable elements of the plurality of RF radiating antenna elements,
circuitry connected to the tuning element to set a voltage on the tunable element, the circuitry comprising
a voltage storage structure,
a first transistor having a first gate connected to the voltage storage structure, a first source connected to the tunable element, and a first drain for coupling to a constant voltage source to provide a drain-to-source voltage to the tunable element and create a leakage current path through the tunable element, the first transistor operable to decouple the voltage storage structure from the leakage current path to prevent the voltage degradation, and
a data voltage input terminal operable to apply a voltage to the voltage storage structure and to the first gate to determine current through the first transistor as a current source for the tunable element.
2 . The antenna of claim 1 wherein the tunable element comprises a varactor or a MEMS capacitor.
3 . The antenna of claim 1 further comprising a matrix drive coupled to the circuitry, and wherein the circuitry further comprises a second transistor having a second gate coupled to an enable input controlled by the matrix drive, a second drain coupled to the data voltage input terminal, and a second source coupled to the first gate of the first transistor and the voltage storage structure.
4 . The antenna of claim 1 wherein the first transistor acts as a constant current source for the tunable element and the tunable element operates as a current-controlled tunable element when data voltage is applied to the first gate.
5 . The antenna of claim 1 wherein the circuitry further comprises a resistor coupled to the first source and coupled in parallel with the tunable element, wherein the tunable element operates as a voltage-controlled tunable element when data voltage is applied to the first gate.
6 . The antenna of claim 1 wherein the circuitry further comprises a capacitor load coupled in parallel with the tunable element, wherein the tunable element operates as a voltage-controlled tunable element when data voltage is applied to the first gate.
7 . The antenna of claim 1 wherein the circuitry further comprises reset circuitry to add a reset period during which the data voltage is applied to the first gate but no current flows through the first transistor.
8 . The antenna of claim 1 further comprising a compensation unit external to the circuitry and operable to adjust the data voltage to be applied to the first gate in order to compensate for non-uniformity in a threshold voltage of the first transistor with respect to other of the antenna elements.
9 . The antenna of claim 1 wherein the circuitry further comprises auto calibration circuitry coupled to a threshold voltage of the first gate in order to compensate for non-uniformity in the threshold voltage of the first transistor with respect to other of the antenna elements.
10 . The antenna of claim 1 wherein the first transistor comprises a thin film transistor (TFT) or a Field Effect Transistor (FET) transistor.
11 . The antenna of claim 1 wherein the voltage storage structure comprises a capacitor.
12 . The antenna of claim 1 wherein the circuitry is operable to reduce a voltage drop on the antenna element due to leakage current of the tunable element.
13 . An antenna comprising:
a plurality of radio-frequency (RF) radiating antenna elements, wherein each antenna element of the plurality of RF radiating antenna elements comprises
a tunable element subject to voltage degradation over time between write cycles in which drive voltages are written to tunable elements of the plurality of RF radiating antenna elements, wherein the tunable element comprises a varactor or a MEMS capacitor,
circuitry connected to the tuning element to set a voltage on the tunable element, the circuitry comprising
a voltage storage structure,
a first transistor having a first gate connected to the voltage storage structure, a first source connected to the tunable element, and a first drain for coupling to a constant voltage source to provide a drain-to-source voltage to the tunable element and create a leakage current path through the tunable element, the first transistor operable to decouple the voltage storage structure from the leakage current path to prevent the voltage degradation,
a resistor coupled to the first source and ground and coupled in parallel with the tunable element, and
a data voltage input terminal operable to apply a voltage to the voltage storage structure and to the first gate to determine current through the first transistor as a current source for the leakage current through the tunable element.
14 . The antenna of claim 13 wherein the circuitry further comprises reset circuitry to add a reset period during which the data voltage is applied to the first gate but no current flows through the first transistor.
15 . The antenna of claim 13 further comprising a compensation unit external to the circuitry and operable to adjust the data voltage to be applied to the first gate in order to compensate for non-uniformity in a threshold voltage of the first transistor with respect to other of the antenna elements.
16 . The antenna of claim 13 wherein the circuitry further comprises auto calibration circuitry coupled to a threshold voltage of the first gate in order to compensate for non-uniformity in the threshold voltage of the first transistor with respect to other of the antenna elements.
17 . An antenna comprising:
a plurality of radio-frequency (RF) radiating antenna elements, wherein each antenna element of the plurality of RF radiating antenna elements comprises
a tunable element subject to voltage degradation over time between write cycles in which a pattern of drive voltages is written to tunable elements of the plurality of RF radiating antenna elements, wherein the tunable element comprises a varactor or a MEMS capacitor,
circuitry connected to the tuning element to set a voltage on the tunable element, the circuitry comprising
a voltage storage structure,
a first transistor having a first gate connected to the voltage storage structure, a first source connected to the tunable element, and a first drain for coupling to a non- constant voltage source to provide a drain-to-source voltage to the tunable element and create a leakage current path through the tunable element, the first transistor operable to decouple the voltage storage structure from the leakage current path to prevent the voltage degradation,
a capacitor load coupled to the first source and ground and coupled in parallel with the tunable element, wherein the capacitor load is charged by the non-constant voltage source, holds charge in between the write cycles in which the pattern of drive voltages is written, and discharges during each of the write cycles, and
a data voltage input terminal operable to apply a voltage to the voltage storage structure and to the first gate to determine current through the first transistor as a current source for the tunable element.
18 . The antenna of claim 17 wherein the circuitry further comprises reset circuitry to add a reset period during which the data voltage is applied to the first gate but no current flows through the first transistor.
19 . The antenna of claim 17 further comprising a compensation unit external to the circuitry and operable to adjust the data voltage to be applied to the first gate in order to compensate for non-uniformity in a threshold voltage of the first transistor with respect to other of the antenna elements.
20 . The antenna of claim 17 wherein the circuitry further comprises auto calibration circuitry coupled to a threshold voltage of the first gate in order to compensate for non-uniformity in the threshold voltage of the first transistor with respect to other of the antenna elements.