Nanosecond imaging methods using optical modulators

1. Apparatus for providing time-resolved optical measurements, the apparatus comprising:

one or more optical intensity modulators;

one or more detector arrays;

optics configured to relay incident light onto the one or more detector arrays through the one or more optical intensity modulators;

wherein a temporal bandwidth of each of the optical intensity modulators is greater than a temporal pixel bandwidth of the one or more detector arrays;

a processor configured to automatically determine one or more waveform shape parameters of the incident light by analyzing signals from the one or more detector arrays vs. one or more input modulation signals applied to the optical intensity modulators;

wherein the one or more waveform shape parameters of the incident light are determined on a pixel-by-pixel basis of the one or more detector arrays.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the optical intensity modulators comprises an optical polarization modulator disposed between a first polarizer and a second polarizer so as to convert polarization modulation to intensity modulation.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein one of the input modulation signals is a pulse having an automatically adjustable time delay t d after an optical excitation provided to a scene, and wherein the one or more waveform shape parameters include data points of detector array signals vs. time delay.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein one, some or all of the input modulation signals are selected from the group consisting of: a step function, a sampling pulse, and periodic modulation.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the optical intensity modulators includes a longitudinal Pockels cell having a direction of optical propagation and an applied electric field direction that coincide.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the incident light is a periodic signal that is responsive to a periodic excitation of a scene being viewed, and wherein the optical intensity modulators are resonantly driven synchronously with respect to the periodic signal.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the optical intensity modulators include two or more optical modulators having identical or different input modulation signals.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the optical intensity modulators comprises a first subassembly having a Pockels cell sandwiched between a first aperture plate and a second aperture plate.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein apertures of the first aperture plate and the second aperture plate are aligned for single-pass transmission through the Pockels cell.

10. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein apertures of the first aperture plate and the second aperture plate are aligned for multi-pass transmission through the Pockels cell.

11. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising a polarizing layer and a polarization splitting layer disposed to sandwich the first subassembly to provide a second subassembly.

12. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising a first polarization splitting layer and a second polarization splitting layer disposed to sandwich the first subassembly to provide a second subassembly.

13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein at least one of the first polarization splitting layer and the second polarization splitting layer provides spectral dispersion.

14. The apparatus of claim 12 , further comprising a first light collection array and a second light collection array disposed to sandwich the second subassembly to provide a third subassembly.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising an array of sample wells disposed such that excitation of samples within the sample wells provides incident light aligned with corresponding apertures of the first aperture plate and the second aperture plate.

16. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an optical scanner configured to relay the incident light from a time-dependent location in a sample to the one or more detector arrays.

17. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a selected one of the one or more detector arrays is a two dimensional (2D) array, wherein a first dimension of the 2D array corresponds to time resolution of the incident light, and wherein a second dimension of the 2D array corresponds to wavelength of the incident light.

18. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a selected one of the one or more detector arrays is a two dimensional (2D) array, wherein a first dimension of the 2D array corresponds to time resolution of the incident light, and wherein a second dimension of the 2D array corresponds to polarization of the incident light.

19. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more optical intensity modulators and the optics are configured to provide one or more levels of polarization splitting to define two or more optical outputs.