High-temperature shock heating for thermochemical reactions
One or more reactants are flowed into thermal contact with a heating element in a reactor for a first time period. During a first part of a heating cycle, the one or more reactants are provided with a first temperature by heating with the heating element, such that one or more thermochemical reactions is initiated. The one or more thermochemical reactions includes pyrolysis, thermolysis, synthesis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, or any combination thereof. The first heating element operates by Joule heating and has a porous construction that allows gas to flow therethrough. During a second part of the heating cycle, the one or more reactants are provided with a second temperature less than the first temperature, for example, by de-energizing the heating element. A duration of the first time period is equal to or greater than a duration of the heating cycle, which is less than five seconds.
1 . A method, comprising:
(a) for a first time period, providing one or more reactants in thermal contact with a first heating element in a reactor;
(b) during a first part of a heating cycle, providing the one or more reactants with a first temperature by heating with the first heating element, such that one or more thermochemical reactions is initiated; and
(c) during a second part of the heating cycle, providing the one or more reactants with a second temperature less than the first temperature,
wherein a duration of the first time period is equal to or greater than a combined duration of the first and second parts of the heating cycle,
the combined duration of the first and second parts of the heating cycle is less than five seconds,
the first heating element operates by Joule heating and has a porous construction that allows gas to flow therethrough,
the one or more thermochemical reactions comprises pyrolysis, thermolysis, synthesis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, or any combination thereof,
the second temperature is at least 600 K less than the first temperature,
the first temperature is greater than or equal to 1200 K, and
the second temperature is less than or equal to 800 K.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second part of the heating cycle immediately follows the first part of the heating cycle, a duration of the first part is 10-400 milliseconds, and/or a duration of the second part is 1-1.5 seconds.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more thermochemical reactions occur with the reactor at atmospheric pressure or at a pressure less than or equal to 20 MPa.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein (a) comprises recirculating reactants unreacted by a previous heating cycle back into thermal contact with the first heating element, and the method further comprises: (d) repeating (b)-(c).
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the reactor, the first heating element, or both the reactor and the first heating element include one or more catalysts, and
the one or more catalysts comprise single element nanoparticles, multi-element nanoparticles, or any combination thereof.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first heating element comprises a pure carbon or carbon-containing material.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first heating element is formed as a porous membrane that allows at least one gaseous product of the one or more thermochemical reactions to pass therethrough to a second flow path while retaining the one or more reactants in a first flow path.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first heating element is formed as a porous membrane that allows the one or more reactants to pass therethrough to a second flow path while retaining at least one gaseous product of the one or more thermochemical reactions in a first flow path.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the one or more reactants comprise methane (CH 4 ), the one or more thermochemical reactions comprise pyrolysis, and a gaseous product of the thermochemical reactions comprises C 2 and higher hydrocarbons and/or aromatics, and
the thermochemical reactions within the reactor occur without a catalyst.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more reactants comprise nitrogen gas (N 2 ) and hydrogen gas (H 2 ), the one or more thermochemical reactions comprise synthesis, and a gaseous product of the thermochemical reactions comprises ammonia (NH 3 ).
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more reactants comprise a polymer, the one or more thermochemical reactions comprise pyrolysis and hydrogenation, and a product of the thermochemical reactions comprises monomers, oligomer, hydrocarbons, aromatics, or any combination thereof.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more reactants comprises methane (CH 4 ) and nitrogen gas (N 2 ), the one or more thermochemical reactions comprise pyrolysis and synthesis, and a gaseous product of the thermochemical reactions comprises ammonia (NH 3 ).
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the providing of (a) comprises flowing a gas into the reactor such that the one or more reactants in the flow of gas are in thermal contact with the first heating element in the reactor;
during (a) and (b), the one or more reactants are in a gas phase; and
the method further comprises removing one or more gaseous products of the one or more thermochemical reactions from the reactor.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a heating rate to the first temperature is at least 10 3 K/s, or a cooling rate to the second temperature is at least 10 3 K/s.
15 . A method, comprising:
(a) for a first time period, providing one or more reactants in thermal contact with a first heating element in a reactor;
(b) during a first part of a heating cycle, providing the one or more reactants with a first temperature by heating with the first heating element, such that one or more thermochemical reactions is initiated; and
(c) during a second part of the heating cycle, providing the one or more reactants with a second temperature less than the first temperature,
wherein a duration of the first time period is equal to or greater than a combined duration of the first and second parts of the heating cycle,
the combined duration of the first and second parts of the heating cycle is less than five seconds,
the first heating element operates by Joule heating and has a porous construction that allows gas to flow therethrough,
the one or more thermochemical reactions comprises pyrolysis, thermolysis, synthesis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, or any combination thereof,
(b) and (c) comprise applying an electrical power waveform to the first heating element, the waveform comprising at least a first electrical power level corresponding to the first temperature and a second electrical power level corresponding to the second temperature; and
the waveform comprises a pulse, a rectangular wave profile, a stepped profile, a triangular wave profile, a sine wave profile, or any combination thereof.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein:
the second temperature is at least 600 K less than the first temperature,
the first temperature is greater than or equal to 1200 K, and
the second temperature is less than or equal to 800 K.
17 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the second part of the heating cycle immediately follows the first part of the heating cycle, a duration of the first part is 10-400 milliseconds, and/or a duration of the second part is 1-1.5 seconds.
18 . The method of claim 15 , wherein:
the first heating element is formed as a porous membrane that allows one or more gaseous products of the one or more thermochemical reactions to pass therethrough to a second flow path while retaining the one or more reactants in a first flow path; or
the first heating element is formed as a porous membrane that allows the one or more reactants to pass therethrough to a second flow path while retaining one or more gaseous products of the one or more thermochemical reactions in a first flow path.
19 . A method, comprising:
(a) for a first time period, providing one or more reactants in thermal contact with a first heating element in a reactor;
(b) during a first part of a heating cycle, providing the one or more reactants with a first temperature by heating with the first heating element, such that one or more thermochemical reactions is initiated; and
(c) during a second part of the heating cycle, providing the one or more reactants with a second temperature less than the first temperature,
wherein a duration of the first time period is equal to or greater than a combined duration of the first and second parts of the heating cycle,
the combined duration of the first and second parts of the heating cycle is less than five seconds,
the first heating element operates by Joule heating and has a porous construction that allows gas to flow therethrough,
the one or more thermochemical reactions comprises pyrolysis, thermolysis, synthesis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, or any combination thereof, and
the first heating element is formed as a porous membrane that allows one of a gaseous product and a reactant to pass therethrough to a second flow path while retaining the other of the gaseous product and the reactant in a first flow path.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the porous membrane has a bilayer structure comprising first and second layers, the first layer faces the first flow path and has a first pore size, and the second layer faces the second flow path and has a second pore size different than the first pore size.