Determining residual tension in threaded fasteners
The present disclosure provides systems and methods for determining residual tension of a target bolt. An example method may include modeling ratios of times-of-flight of longitudinal waves and times-of-flight of shear waves as a function of tension for a plurality of test bolts. The modeling may include receiving data from longitudinal wave and shear wave transducers, analyzing the data to assess certain quality characteristics, and using a machine learning algorithm to create the model. The example method may further include determining a ratio of a time-of-flight of longitudinal waves and a time-of-flight of shear waves in a target bolt. The example method may further include determining residual tension in the target bolt based on the model and the ratio of a time-of-flight of longitudinal waves and time-of-flight of shear waves in the target bolt.
1. A method of determining residual tension in a target bolt, the method comprising:
modeling ratios of times-of-flight of longitudinal waves and times-of-flight of shear waves as a function of tension for a plurality of test bolts;
determining a ratio of a time-of-flight of longitudinal waves and a time-of-flight of shear waves in a target bolt; and
determining residual tension in the target bolt based on the model and the ratio of a time-of-flight of longitudinal waves and time-of-flight of shear waves in the target bolt.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein modeling ratios of times-of-flight of longitudinal waves and times-of-flight of shear waves as a function of tension for a plurality of test bolts comprises:
determining, for each test bolt in the plurality of test bolts:
one or more times-of-flight of ultrasonic (UT) longitudinal waves in the test bolt corresponding to one or more levels of tension;
one or more times-of-flight of UT shear waves in the test bolt corresponding to the one or more levels of tension; and
ratios of the one or more times-of-flight of UT longitudinal waves and the one or more times-of-flight of UT shear waves at each of the one or more levels of tension.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein determining the one or more times-of-flight of UT longitudinal waves in the test bolt corresponding to one or more levels of tension comprises:
for each of the one or more levels of tension:
receiving, from a transducer, raw data relating to reflections of UT longitudinal waves in the test bolt, wherein the raw data comprises at least a first echo and a second echo; and
evaluating the raw data to determine that it satisfies a first set of criteria.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein at least one criterion of the first set of criteria is that the first echo arrives within an expected time range.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein at least one criterion of the first set of criteria is that a time separating an overall maximum peak and an overall minimum peak for the first echo, or a time separating an overall maximum peak and an overall minimum peak for the second echo, or both, are below a threshold.
6. The method of claim 3 further comprising evaluating the raw data by calculating one or more times-of-flight of longitudinal waves from the raw data and determining that the one or more times-of-flight meet a second set of criteria.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein at least one criterion of the second set of criteria is that the times-of-flight are within an expected range.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein at least one criterion of the second set of criteria is that each time-of-flight does not deviate from any other time-of-flight by an amount greater than a threshold.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein determining one or more times-of-flight of UT shear waves in the test bolt corresponding to one or more levels of tension comprises:
for each of the one or more levels of tension:
receiving, from a transducer, raw data relating to reflections of UT shear waves in the test bolt, wherein the raw data comprises at least a first echo and a second echo; and
evaluating the raw data to determine that it satisfies a first set of criteria.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein at least one criterion of the first set of criteria is that the first echo arrives within an expected time range.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein at least one criterion of the first set of criteria is that a time separating an overall maximum peak and an overall minimum peak for the first, or a time separating an overall maximum peak and an overall minimum peak for the second echo, or both, are below a threshold.
12. The method of claim 9 further comprising evaluating the raw data by calculating one or more times-of-flight of shear waves from the raw data and determining that the one or more times-of-flight meet a second set of criteria.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one criterion of the second set of criteria is that the times-of-flight are within an expected range.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one criterion of the second set of criteria is that each time-of-flight does not deviate from any other time-of-flight by an amount greater than a threshold.
15. The method of claim 2 , wherein determining, for each of the plurality of test bolts, ratios of the one or more times-of-flight of UT longitudinal waves and the one or more times-of-flight of UT shear waves comprises:
analyzing the one or more times-of-flight of UT longitudinal waves to identify which times-of-flight are suitable for calculating a longitudinal wave time-of-flight, wherein the suitable times-of-flight are those times-of-flight that meet a third set of criteria;
analyzing the one or more times-of-flight of UT shear waves to identify which times-of-flight are suitable for calculating a shear wave time-of-flight, wherein the suitable times-of-flight are those times-of-flight that meet the third set of criteria;
determining that the number of suitable times-of-flight of UT longitudinal waves is above a threshold;
determining that the number of suitable times-of-flight of UT shear waves is above a threshold;
calculating an average longitudinal wave time-of-flight based on the suitable times-of-flight of UT longitudinal waves;
calculating an average shear wave time-of-flight based on the suitable times-of-flight of UT shear waves; and
calculating a ratio of the average longitudinal wave time-of-flight and the average shear wave time-of-flight.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the third set of criteria for longitudinal waves comprises determining that a difference between the maximum time-of-flight of UT longitudinal waves and the minimum time-of-flight of UT longitudinal waves is below a threshold.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the third set of criteria for longitudinal waves comprises dividing the one or more times-of-flight of UT longitudinal waves into two or more groups and determining which group contains the most times-of-flight.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the third set of criteria for shear waves comprises determining that a difference between the maximum time-of-flight of UT shear waves and the minimum time-of-flight of UT shear waves is below a threshold.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the third set of criteria for shear waves comprises dividing the one or more times-of-flight of UT shear waves into two or more groups and determining which group contains the most times-of-flight.