Systems and methods for hydrocarbon pyrolysis
Systems for hydrocarbon pyrolysis are provided, which may comprise a reactor configured to contain a liquid metal; a heater operably coupled to the reactor to form a heating zone; a cooler operably coupled to the reactor to form a cooling zone; a gas delivery assembly comprising an inlet and configured to deliver a feed gas comprising a hydrocarbon as a plurality of bubbles through the liquid metal; an outlet configured to deliver a product gas to a separation assembly, the product gas formed from pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon in the liquid metal, the product gas comprising H 2 and carbon; and the separation assembly configured to separate the carbon from other components of the product gas. The reactor is configured to entrain the carbon from pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon in the liquid metal into the product gas without accumulating the carbon in the interior chamber during pyrolysis.
1. A system for hydrocarbon pyrolysis, the system comprising:
a reactor configured to contain a liquid metal within an interior chamber of the reactor;
a heater operably coupled to the reactor to form a heating zone within a first portion of the interior chamber comprising the liquid metal;
a cooler operably coupled to the reactor to form a cooling zone within a second portion of the interior chamber above the first portion;
a gas delivery assembly comprising an inlet in fluid communication with the interior chamber, the gas delivery assembly configured to deliver a feed gas comprising a hydrocarbon as a plurality of bubbles through the liquid metal;
an outlet in fluid communication with the interior chamber and configured to deliver a product gas to a separation assembly, the product gas formed from pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon in the liquid metal, the product gas comprising H 2 and carbon; and
the separation assembly in fluid communication with the interior chamber via the outlet, the separation assembly configured to separate the carbon from other components of the product gas,
wherein the reactor is configured to entrain the carbon from pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon in the liquid metal into the product gas without accumulating the carbon in the interior chamber during pyrolysis; wherein
the system comprises an upstream pressure gauge configured to measure a pressure of the feed gas during pyrolysis and a downstream pressure gauge configured to measure a pressure of the product gas during pyrolysis, and a controller comprising a processor and a non-transitory computer-readable medium operably coupled to the processor, the non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions, that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to adjust one or more of a feed gas flow rate, a reactor temperature, and a reactor pressure to achieve no change in the pressure of the feed gas during pyrolysis and no change in the pressure of the product gas during pyrolysis.
2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a first recirculation path configured to return separated liquid metal from the separator assembly to the reactor.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is configured to achieve a linear gas velocity of at least about 5 cm/s through the interior chamber at a feed gas flow rate of about 300 sccm or higher, a reactor temperature of about 1000° C., and a reactor pressure of about 147 psia.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system does not comprise any other outlet through which carbon exits the interior chamber other than the outlet configured to deliver the product gas to the separation assembly.
5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a controller comprising a processor and a non-transitory computer-readable medium operably coupled to the processor, the non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions, that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to adjust one or more of a feed gas flow rate, a reactor temperature, and a reactor pressure to achieve a linear gas velocity of at least about 5 cm/s through the interior chamber.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system further comprises a carrier gas inlet in fluid communication with the interior chamber and configured to deliver a carrier gas to the cooling zone.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system does not comprise any other inlet through which a gas enters the reactor other than the inlet of the gas assembly.
8. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a source of the liquid metal and the liquid metal consists of zinc.
9. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a source of the feed gas.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the feed gas comprises methane.
11. A system for hydrocarbon pyrolysis, the system comprising:
a reactor configured to contain a liquid metal within an interior chamber of the reactor;
a heater operably coupled to the reactor to form a heating zone within a first portion of the interior chamber comprising the liquid metal;
a cooler operably coupled to the reactor to form a cooling zone within a second portion of the interior chamber above the first portion;
a gas delivery assembly comprising an inlet in fluid communication with the interior chamber, the gas delivery assembly configured to deliver a feed gas comprising a hydrocarbon as a plurality of bubbles through the liquid metal;
an outlet in fluid communication with the interior chamber and configured to deliver a product gas to a separation assembly, the product gas formed from pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon in the liquid metal, the product gas comprising H 2 and carbon; and
the separation assembly in fluid communication with the interior chamber via the outlet, the separation assembly configured to separate the carbon from other components of the product gas,
wherein the system does not comprise any other outlet through which carbon exits the interior chamber other than the outlet configured to deliver the product gas to the separation assembly; wherein
the system comprises an upstream pressure gauge configured to measure a pressure of the feed gas during pyrolysis and a downstream pressure gauge configured to measure a pressure of the product gas during pyrolysis and the system further comprises a controller comprising a processor and a non-transitory computer-readable medium operably coupled to the processor, the non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions, that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to adjust one or more of a feed gas flow rate, a reactor temperature, and a reactor pressure to achieve no change in the pressure of the feed gas during pyrolysis and no change in the pressure of the product gas during pyrolysis.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the reactor is configured to achieve a linear gas velocity of at least about 5 cm/s through the interior chamber at a feed gas flow rate of about 300 sccm or higher, a reactor temperature of about 1000° C., and a reactor pressure of about 147 psia.
13. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a controller comprising a processor and a non-transitory computer-readable medium operably coupled to the processor, the non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions, that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to adjust one or more of a feed gas flow rate, a reactor temperature, and a reactor pressure to achieve a linear gas velocity of at least about 5 cm/s through the interior chamber.