Discrete derivative differential circuit driven system and methods for determining the cure of PMMA intraoperatively after implantation of an orthopedic device
The invention comprises a system for securing an implant to a bone comprising an implant which is affixed to the bone, a grout or bone cement comprising a composition that cures in an exothermic reaction and which is capable of securing the implant to the bone in a cured state, and a tester which measures temperature over time to detect a rate change of temperature and uses a novel discrete differentiator circuit to determine when the composition reaches cure.
1. A system for securing an implant to a bone, comprising:
an implant,
a grout or bone cement in contact with the implant, said grout or bone cement comprising a composition that cures in an exothermic reaction at a temperature x, the grout or the bone cement being capable of securing the implant to the bone in a cured state, and
a sensor in contact with the grout or bone cement, said sensor continuously monitors derivative of a rate change of the temperature over time of the grout or the bone cement as compared to the ambient temperature to detect the exothermic reaction, and
the sensor is joined to a cure determinate circuit which includes a discrete derivative differentiator to determine when the rate change of the temperature reaches an inflection point;
and joined to an indicator that emits a signal in response to a current emitted to the circuit by the sensor to alert the user that the cure is reached.
2. The system for securing an implant to a bone as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the signal is an audio signal, visual signal or haptic signal or signal to a robotic device.
3. The system for securing an implant to a bone as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the cure determinate circuit comprises analog components.
4. The system for securing an implant to a bone as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the cure determinate circuit is a sample and hold circuit with a difference amplifier.
5. The system for securing an implant to a bone as set forth in claim 4 , wherein the difference amplifier feeds into a peak hold circuit to periodically capture peak values and to determine a maximum peak value above a pre-defined minimum threshold at a maximum rate of temperature change.
6. The system for securing an implant to a bone as set forth in claim 5 , wherein peak hold circuit compares peak values to determine the maximum peak value, and wherein when it determines a new maximum peak value it resets a timer, and a maximum peak value event is indicated when the timer is not reset by a new maximum peak value before reaching a pre-defined maximum time interval.
7. The system for securing an implant to a bone as set forth in claim 6 , wherein the peak values comprise the differential voltage which is output from a thermistor which is driven by an operational amplifier to a capacitor and the operational amplifier feeds a peak value back to the circuit to limit voltage leakage and to enable the maximum peak value to be passed to the input of a threshold gate.
8. The system for securing an implant to a bone as set forth in claim 7 , wherein an input voltage at the capacitor which is below the input voltage of a previously determined maximum peak value is shunted away so that it does not affect the input voltage of the previously determined maximal peak value.
9. The system for securing an implant to a bone as set forth in claim 8 , wherein the determinate circuit comprises MOSFETs or analog switches.
10. The system for securing an implant to a bone as set forth in 9 , wherein when a new peak value exceeds a pre-determined fraction of a maximum held peak, value a new peak value detector asserts a reset output to clear a clock or counter.