Composite membranes for flow batteries
A composite membrane for use in flow batteries is contemplated. The membrane comprises a hydrogel, such as poly(vinyl alcohol), applied to a polymeric microporous film substrate. This composite is interposed between two half cells of a flow battery. The resulting membrane and system, as well as corresponding methods for making the membrane and making and operating the system itself, provide unexpectedly good performance at a significant cost advantage over currently known systems.
1 . A flow battery system comprising:
a positive electrolyte fluid carrying a positive electrode active material and flowing through a positive reaction chamber having a positive electrode;
a negative electrolyte fluid carrying a negative electrode active material and flowing through a negative reaction chamber having a negative electrode;
a non-ionomeric membrane comprising hydrogel physically separating the positive reaction chamber from the negative reaction chamber while insuring opposing facings of the non-ionomeric membrane are each: i) spaced apart from each of the positive and negative electrodes and ii) in direct contact with one of the positive or negative electrolyte fluids; and
wherein the non-ionomeric membrane is ionically conductive but resistant to hydraulic crossover and wherein the positive and negative electrolytes each comprise discrete, aqueous solutions selected to serve as a flow battery.
2 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel comprises the poly(vinyl alcohol).
3 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the positive and negative electrode active materials comprise a multi-valent ionic species.
4 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel is selected from: poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), and combinations thereof.
5 . The flow battery according to claim 4 , wherein the hydrogel is impregnated on a microporous polymeric substrate so as to effectively blocks all pores of the microporous polymeric substrate.
6 . The flow battery according to claim 5 , wherein the microporous polymeric substrate consists of polyethylene, polypropylene, or combinations thereof.
7 . The flow battery according to claim 5 , wherein the polymeric substrate has a void volume between 30% and 80%.
8 . The flow battery according to claim 5 , wherein the polymeric substrate has a thickness of between 25 and 200 micrometers prior to being impregnated by the hydrogel.
9 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein each of the aqueous solutions has a pH of less than 3.0.
10 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel is hydrolyzed and crosslinked.
11 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein both the positive and the negative electrolytes comprise separate aqueous solutions.
12 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the non-ionomeric membrane has a conductivity greater than 0.01 S/cm relative to a 1M HCl solution.
13 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the non-ionmeric membrane has a normalized hydraulic permeability of less than or equal to 9×10-12 cm2/cm.
14 . The flow battery according to claim 5 , wherein the hydrogel is deposited on at least one side of the polymeric substrate at a thickness of 0.1 to 25 micrometers.
15 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel is hydrolyzed and has a purity of at least 99 wt. %.
16 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the positive and negative electrode active materials each comprise a multi-valent ionic species selected from ferric or ferrous ions.
17 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric substrate is microporous.
18 . The flow battery according to claim 5 , wherein the polymeric substrate has a void volume exceeding 80%.
19 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the non-ionomeric membrane consists of hydrogel.
20 . The flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel is at least one of: hydrolyzed, crystalline, semi-crystalline, and crosslinked.