Devices, systems, and methods for increased wear resistance during low temperature friction stir processing
A method of friction stir processing (FSP) includes contacting a first workpiece with a FSP tool, where the first workpiece is a low-melting temperature metal or alloy and the FSP tool is a single-body FSP tool having a diamond working surface. The method also includes rotating the FSP tool in contact with the first workpiece at an interface and generating thermal energy at the interface to heat the first workpiece. The method further includes conducting thermal energy away from the interface with the FSP tool, and friction stirring the first workpiece at a temperature of the FSP tool below 800° C.
1 . A friction stir processing tool rotatable around a central rotational axis, the friction stir processing tool comprising:
a single body monolithically formed of polycrystalline diamond;
a shoulder of the single body extending transverse to the central rotational axis;
a lower pin of the single body extending downwardly from the shoulder;
the lower pin having a lowermost end and a side surface extending around the pin;
a discontinuity in the side surface of the lower pin;
a working surface of the shoulder extending around the lower pin;
an arcuate ridge extending downwardly from the working surface of the shoulder and extending less than 360 degrees around the lower pin, the arcuate ridge having opposite ends with a spacing therebetween;
the discontinuity in the side surface of the lower pin facing radially outward toward the spacing in a radial direction between the opposite ends of the arcuate ridge;
an upper surface portion of the single body opposite the lower pin, the upper surface portion extending transverse to the central rotational axis;
the single body having a total length extending along the central rotational axis from the lowermost end of the lower pin to the upper surface portion of the single body; and
the polycrystalline diamond extends the total length of the single body tool.
2 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the single body includes:
a side surface of the polycrystalline diamond extending upwardly from the shoulder toward the upper surface portion.
3 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the single body includes a shank portion of the polycrystalline diamond configured to be received in a tool holder.
4 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the single body comprises:
a shank of the polycrystalline diamond extending upwardly from the shoulder and having an upper end including the upper surface portion.
5 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the single body includes:
a side surface of the polycrystalline diamond extending between the shoulder and the upper surface portion;
an upper juncture of the upper surface portion and the side surface portion, the upper surface portion extending inward from the upper juncture toward the central rotational axis; and
a lower juncture of the shoulder and the side surface.
6 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 5 wherein the single body has a first maximum width perpendicular to the central rotational axis at the upper juncture and a second maximum width perpendicular to the central rotational axis at the lower juncture that is the same as the first maximum width.
7 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the upper surface portion is flat.
8 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the side surface of the pin includes one or more ridges.
9 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the polycrystalline diamond has a thermal conductivity of greater than 500 Watts/meter-Kelvin.
10 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the polycrystalline diamond has a coefficient of friction of less than 0.1.
11 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the single body is formed in a pressing process at a temperature greater than 1400 degrees Celsius and at a pressure greater than 5.0 GPa.
12 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the friction stir processing tool is configured to weld a workpiece at a temperature of the tool less than 800 degrees Celsius, the workpiece being a low-melting temperature metal or alloy.
13 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the friction stir processing tool is configured to weld an aluminum alloy workpiece.
14 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the side surface of the pin has corners at either side of the discontinuity.
15 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the side surface includes a first side surface portion and a second side surface portion at opposite sides of the discontinuity, the first side surface portion having a first radius from the central rotational axis and the second side surface portion having a second radius from the central rotational axis; and
wherein the discontinuity includes a third side surface portion intermediate the first and second side surface portions around the pin, the third side surface portion having a third radius from the central rotational axis that is less than the first radius and is less than the second radius.
16 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 15 wherein the first radius and the second radius are the same.
17 . The friction stir processing tool of claim 1 wherein the side surface includes first and second surface portions at opposite sides of the discontinuity, the first and second surface portions having the same shape; and
wherein the discontinuity includes a third surface portion connecting the first and second surface portions and having a different shape than the first and second surface portions.