Thermoplastic composite
A method of making a flexible pipe layer, which method comprises: commingling polymer filaments and carbon fibre filaments to form an intimate mixture, forming yarns of the commingled filaments, forming the yarns into a tape, and applying the tape to a pipe body to form a flexible pipe layer.
1. A flexible pipe, comprising:
a pipe layer that comprises:
a first region characterized by a thermoplastic composite comprising a polymer and carbon fibre, wherein carbon fibre is present in a first concentration made by arranging a first plurality of filaments having a first concentration of carbon fibre, commingling polymer filaments and carbon fibre filaments to form a first intimate mixture, and forming first yarns from the first intimate mixture and compressing or extruding first yarns to form a first tape, wherein the first tape is characterized by a first concentration of carbon fibre; and
a second region characterized by one or more of:
a thermoplastic composite comprising a polymer and carbon fibre, wherein carbon fibre is present in a second concentration; and
a polymer composition, wherein the second region is formed by arranging a second plurality of filaments having a second concentration of carbon fibre by commingling polymer filaments and carbon fibre filaments to form a second intimate mixture and forming second yarns from the second intimate mixture;
wherein the pipe layer is formed by:
compressing or extruding the second yarns to form a second tape, wherein the second tape is characterized by a second concentration of carbon fibre; and
applying predetermined amounts of the first tape and the second tape to a pipe body to form a flexible pipe layer.
2. The flexible pipe of claim 1 , wherein the first concentration of carbon fibre and the second concentration of carbon fibre are set by an application of tapes respectively to the first region and the second region.
3. The flexible pipe of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a fluoropolymer having a melt flow index (230° C./2.16 kg) in the range of 50 to 80 g/10 min wherein the fluoropolymer is selected from at least one of perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), poly(ethene-co-tetrafluoroethene) (ETFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
4. The flexible pipe of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a fluoropolymer having a melt flow index (230° C./2.16 kg) in the range of 60 to 70 g/10 min, wherein the fluoropolymer is selected from at least one of perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), poly(ethene-co-tetrafluoroethene) (ETFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
5. The flexible pipe of claim 1 , wherein the carbon fibre has a tow size of 3000 to 12000.
6. The flexible pipe of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) or polyamide (PA-11 or PA-12).
7. The flexible pipe of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is present in an amount of 30 to 70 weight % of the total weight of the polymer and carbon fibre in either the first region, or the second region, or both of the first and second region.
8. The flexible pipe of claim 1 , wherein the pipe layer comprises a pressure armour layer positioned adjacent to, or bonded to, a tubular polymer layer.
9. The flexible pipe of claim 8 , wherein the tubular polymer layer is disposed on an inside portion of the pressure armour layer and is configured as a fluid barrier layer.
10. A method of manufacturing a flexible pipe layer for a flexible pipe, the method comprising:
arranging a first plurality of filaments having a first concentration of carbon fibre, the arranging comprising:
commingling polymer filaments and carbon fibre filaments to form a first intimate mixture;
forming first yarns from the first intimate mixture; and
compressing or extruding first yarns to form a first tape, wherein the first tape is characterized by a first concentration of carbon fibre;
arranging a second plurality of filaments having a second concentration of carbon fibre, the arranging comprising:
commingling polymer filaments and carbon fibre filaments to form a second intimate mixture;
forming second yarns from the second intimate mixture; and
compressing or extruding the second yarns to form a second tape, wherein the second tape is characterized by a second concentration of carbon fibre; and
applying predetermined amounts of the first tape and the second tape to a pipe body to form a flexible pipe layer.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein commingling the polymer filaments and carbon fibre filaments comprises applying a compressed gas to the polymer filaments and carbon fibre filaments to form the intimate mixture of the filaments.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein commingling the polymer filaments and carbon fibre filaments comprises applying a series of combs to the polymer filaments and carbon fibre filaments to form the intimate mixture of the filaments.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising wrapping the tape around a pipe body, and heating the wrapped tape so that the polymer filaments melt around the carbon filaments to form a polymer matrix.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the polymer filaments comprise a fluoropolymer, and wherein the polymer has a melt flow index (230° C./2.16 kg) in the range of 50 to 80 g/10 min.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the polymer filaments comprise a fluoropolymer, and wherein the polymer has a melt flow index (230° C./2.16 kg) in the range of 60 to 70 g/10 min.
16. The method of claim 10 , further comprising forming a pressure armour layer on the pipe body.