Treatment of a disease of the gastrointestinal tract with an immunosuppressant

1. A method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in a subject, the method comprising orally administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an immunosuppressant and delivering the therapeutically effective amount of the immunosuppressant at a desired location in the GI tract of the subject, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the immunosuppressant is less than an amount that is effective when the immunosuppressant is administered systemically.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the immunosuppressant at the desired location in the GI tract provides a concentration of the immunosuppressant in the plasma of the subject that is less than 1 μg/ml.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the immunosuppressant at the desired location in the GI tract provides a concentration of the immunosuppressant in the plasma of the subject that is less than 0.3 μg/ml.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the immunosuppressant at the desired location in the GI tract provides a concentration of the immunosuppressant in the plasma of the subject that is less than 0.1 μg/ml.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the immunosuppressant at the desired location in the GI tract provides a concentration of the immunosuppressant in the plasma of the subject that is less than 0.01 μg/ml.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the immunosuppressant delivered at the desired location in the gastrointestinal tract is 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 1000%, 2000% greater than the concentration of immunosuppressant in plasma.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the concentration of the immunosuppressant delivered at the desired location in the gastrointestinal tract is measured from a sample comprising GI tissue.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the immunosuppressant results in a decrease of at least one biomarker in the GI tract, wherein the at least one biomarker is selected from the group consisting of interferon-Y, IL-B, IL-6, IL-22, IL-17A, TNFa, IL-2, and combinations thereof.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered in an ingestible device.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the immunosuppressant is topically delivered at a desired location in the GI tract of the subject.

11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the level of immunosuppressant in plasma in a subject at a time point following oral administration of the device is lower than the level of the immunosuppressant in plasma in a subject at substantially the same time point following systemic administration of an equal amount of the immunosuppressant.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the desired location is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the immunosuppressant is delivered 100 cm or less from the one or more sites of disease.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immunosuppressant is delivered at the cecum, the ascending colon, or the distal portion of the ileum.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease of the GI tract is an inflammatory bowel disease.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immunosuppressant is a calcineurin inhibitor.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the immunosuppressant is selected from cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, or generic equivalents thereof.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a solution.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a suspension.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein delivery of the therapeutically effective amount of the Immunosuppressant at the desired location in the GI tract does not comprise releasing more than 10% of the immunosuppressant at a location that is not proximate to a site of disease.