Two-phase liquid-cooled alternating current (AC) rotating electrical machine
A two-phased liquid-cooled AC rotating electrical includes a plurality of cooling circuits that recirculate and transition respective engineered liquids between liquid and vapor states around closed-loop fluid paths to cool a plurality of machine components e.g., hollow conductor rotor and stator windings and a magnetic stator core. A portion of each fluid path is either integrated with or in thermal contact with its component. The engineered liquids are evaporated within the respective portions of the fluid paths to hold the operating temperatures at or near the respective and different phase transition temperatures.
1 . A two-phase liquid-cooled alternating current (AC) rotating electrical machine, comprising:
a wound field electric machine including a rotor in which a hollow conductor rotor winding is wound around a ferromagnetic material and a stator including one or more hollow conductor stator windings supported by a magnetic stator core, said rotor configured to rotate about a central axis of the stator;
a first cooling circuit including a first closed-loop fluid path in which a first engineered liquid selected from fluorinated ketones (FKs), hydrofluoroethers (HFEs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorohexans (PFHs), perfluoropolyether (PFPEs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) is recirculated through the hollow conductor rotor winding, wherein the first engineered liquid is evaporated at a first phase transition temperature within the hollow conductor rotor winding to cool the hollow conductor rotor winding and hold its operating temperature at or near the first phase transition temperature;
a second cooling circuit including a second closed-loop fluid path in which a second engineered liquid selected from FKs, HFEs, PFCs, HFCs, PFHs, PFPEs and CFCs is recirculated through the one or more hollow conductor stator windings, wherein the second engineered liquid is evaporated at a second phase transition temperature within the one or more stator windings to cool the one or more hollow conductor stator windings and hold its operating temperature at or near the second phase transition temperature;
wherein said first and second engineered liquids exhibit different first and second phase transition temperatures and different heats of vaporization;
a third cooling circuit including a third closed-loop fluid path in which a third engineered liquid selected from FKs, HFEs, PFCs, HFCs, PFHs, PFPEs and CFCs is recirculated around the magnetic stator core, wherein the third engineered liquid is evaporated at a third phase transition temperature to cool the magnetic stator core and hold its operating temperature at or near the third phase transition temperature, which differs from the first and second phase transition temperatures and heats of vaporization.
2 . The AC rotating electrical machine of claim 1 , wherein the first phase transition temperature and the operating temperature of the hollow conductor rotor winding is higher than the second phase transition temperature and the operating temperature of the one or more hollow conductor stator windings.
3 . The AC rotating electrical machine of claim 1 , wherein the first and second cooling circuits each include a pump to recirculate the engineered liquid, a liquid pressure regulator to regulate a pressure of the engineered liquid, a vapor pressure sensor to sense and feedback the vapor pressure to the liquid pressure regulator to control the flow of liquid, a vapor pressure regulator to regulate the vapor pressure of the engineered liquid in its vapor state, and a condenser coupled to a common chilled liquid reservoir to condense the engineered vapor into the engineered liquid for recirculation.
4 . The AC rotating electrical machine of claim 1 , wherein the first and second engineered fluids each comprise a conductive solid granular media, wherein the first and second cooling circuits each comprise an electro-magnetic pump that generates a traveling magnetic field inside the closed-loop fluid path that interacts with the conductive solid granular media to produce an electrodynamic force to propel the engineered fluid and conductive solid granular media, wherein the conductive solid granular media increases heat transfer from the hollow conductor winding to vaporization of the engineered liquid to more uniformly cool the hollow conductor winding.
5 . The AC rotating electrical machine of claim 1 , wherein the wound field electric machine includes a plurality N of hollow conductor stator windings, wherein the second cooling circuit further includes a 1:N inlet manifold that distributes the second engineered liquid to flow through and vaporize within the N hollow conductor stator windings in parallel to hold each stator winding at or near the second phase transition temperature and an N:1 outlet manifold that collects the vapor from the hollow conductor stator windings for condensation back to a liquid state for recirculation.
6 . The AC rotating electrical machine of claim 1 , wherein the wound field electric machine includes a plurality N of hollow conductor stator windings that exhibit different heat loads, wherein the N hollow conductor stator windings are connected in series in the second closed-loop fluid path such that the second engineered liquid vaporizes in at least the one stator winding exhibiting the highest heat load, wherein the remaining stator windings are cooled by one of a vaporization of a remaining portion of the second engineered liquid or an increase in temperature of the second engineered liquid in either its liquid or vaporized state.
7 . A two-phase liquid-cooled alternating current (AC) rotating electrical machine, comprising:
a wound field electric machine including a rotor in which a hollow conductor rotor winding is wound around a ferromagnetic material and a stator including one or more hollow conductor stator windings supported by a magnetic stator core, said rotor configured to rotate about a central axis of the stator;
a first cooling circuit including a first closed-loop fluid path in which a first engineered liquid selected from fluorinated ketones (FKs), hydrofluoroethers (HFEs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorohexans (PFHs), perfluoropolyether (PFPEs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) is recirculated through the hollow conductor rotor winding, wherein the first engineered liquid is evaporated at a first phase transition temperature within the hollow conductor rotor winding to cool the hollow conductor rotor winding and hold its operating temperature at or near the first phase transition temperature;
a second cooling circuit including a second closed-loop fluid path in which a second engineered liquid selected from FKs, HFEs, PFCs, HFCs, PFHs, PFPEs and CFCs is recirculated through the one or more hollow conductor stator windings, wherein the second engineered liquid is evaporated at a second phase transition temperature within the one or more stator windings to cool the one or more hollow conductor stator windings and hold its operating temperature at or near the second phase transition temperature;
wherein said first and second engineered liquids exhibit different first and second phase transition temperatures and different heats of vaporization;
wherein the magnetic stator core is connected in series with the hollow core stator winding in the second closed-loop fluid path such that the second engineered liquid vaporizes in the hollow conductor stator winding, wherein the magnetic stator core is cooled by one of a vaporization of a remaining portion of the second engineered liquid or an increase in temperature of the second engineered liquid in either its liquid or vaporized state.
8 . A two-phase liquid-cooled alternating current (AC) rotating electrical machine, comprising:
An electric machine including a rotor that provides a magnetic field and a stator including one or more hollow conductor stator windings supported by a magnetic stator core, said rotor configured to rotate about a central axis of the stator;
a first cooling circuit including a first closed-loop fluid path in which a first engineered liquid selected from fluorinated ketones (FKs), hydrofluoroethers (HFEs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorohexans (PFHs), perfluoropolyether (PFPEs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) is recirculated around the magnetic stator core, wherein the first engineered liquid is evaporated at a first phase transition temperature to cool the magnetic stator core and hold its operating temperature at or near the first phase transition temperature;
a second cooling circuit including a second closed-loop fluid path in which a second engineered liquid selected from FKs, HFEs, PFCs, HFCs, PFHs, PFPEs and CFCs is recirculated through the one or more hollow conductor stator windings, wherein the second engineered liquid is evaporated at a second phase transition temperature within the one or more stator windings to cool the one or more hollow conductor stator windings and hold its operating temperature at or near the second phase transition temperature;
wherein said first and second engineered liquids exhibit different first and second phase transition temperatures and different heats of vaporization.
9 . The AC rotating electrical machine of claim 8 , wherein the first phase transition temperature and the operating temperature of the magnetic stator core is lower than the second phase transition temperature and the operating temperature of the one or more hollow conductor stator windings.
10 . The AC rotating electrical machine of claim 8 , wherein the first engineered fluid is recirculated in either a void space inside a vessel around the magnetic stator core or in hollow tubing wound around the magnetic stator core.
11 . The AC rotating electrical machine of claim 8 , wherein the wound field electric machine includes a plurality N of hollow conductor stator windings that exhibit similar heat loads, wherein the second cooling circuit further includes a 1:N inlet manifold that distributes the second engineered liquid to flow through and vaporize within the N hollow conductor stator windings in parallel to hold each stator winding at or near the second phase transition temperature and an N:1 outlet manifold that collects the vapor from the hollow conductor stator windings for condensation back to a liquid state for recirculation.
12 . The AC rotating electrical machine of claim 8 , wherein the wound field electric machine includes a plurality N of hollow conductor stator windings that exhibit different heat loads, wherein the N hollow conductor stator windings are connected in series in the second closed-loop fluid path such that the second engineered liquid vaporizes in at least the one stator winding exhibiting the highest heat load, wherein the remaining stator windings are cooled by one of a vaporization of a remaining portion of the second engineered liquid or an increase in temperature of the second engineered liquid in either its liquid or vaporized state.
13 . The AC electrical machine of claim 8 , wherein two-phase liquid-cooling system with closed-loop fluid paths allow for the AC rotating electrical machine to be orientation independent.
14 . The AC electrical machine of claim 8 , wherein the first and second cooling circuits each include a pump to recirculate the engineered liquid, a liquid pressure regulator to regulate a pressure of the engineered liquid, a vapor pressure sensor to sense and feedback the vapor pressure to the liquid pressure regulator to control the flow of liquid, a vapor pressure regulator to regulate the vapor pressure of the engineered liquid in its vapor state, and a condenser coupled to a common chilled liquid reservoir to condense the engineered vapor into the engineered liquid for recirculation.
15 . The AC electrical machine of claim 8 , wherein the first and second engineered fluids each comprise a conductive solid granular media, wherein the first and second cooling circuits each comprise an electro-magnetic pump that generates a traveling magnetic field inside the closed-loop fluid path that interacts with the conductive solid granular media to produce an electrodynamic force to propel the engineered fluid and conductive solid granular media, wherein the conductive solid granular media increases heat transfer from the hollow conductor winding to vaporization of the engineered liquid to more uniformly cool the hollow conductor winding.
16 . A two-phase liquid-cooled alternating current (AC) electrical machine, comprising:
an electric machine including a rotor that provides a magnetic field and a stator including one or more hollow conductor stator windings supported by a magnetic stator core, said rotor configured to rotate about a central axis of the stator; and
a cooling circuit including a closed-loop fluid path in which an engineered liquids selected from fluorinated ketones (FKs), hydrofluoroethers (HFEs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorohexans (PFHs), perfluoropolyether (PFPEs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) is recirculated around the magnetic stator core and through the one or more hollow conductor stator windings, wherein the engineered liquid is evaporated at a phase transition temperature to cool at least one of the hollow conductor stator windings and hold its operating temperatures at or near the phase transition temperature and to cool the remaining hollow conductor stator windings and stator core;
wherein the magnetic stator core is connected in series with the one or more hollow core stator windings in the closed-loop fluid path such that the engineered liquid vaporizes in the at least one hollow conductor stator winding, wherein the magnetic stator core is cooled by one of a vaporization of a remaining portion of the engineered liquid or an increase in temperature of the engineered liquid in either its liquid or vaporized state.