Methods of arene alkenylation
The present disclosure provides for a rhodium-catalyzed oxidative arene alkenylation from arenes and styrenes to prepare stilbene and stilbene derivatives. For example, the present disclosure provides for method of making arenes or substituted arenes, in particular stilbene and stilbene derivatives, from a reaction of an optionally substituted arene and/or optionally substituted styrene. The reaction includes a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material and an oxidant, where the Rh catalyst or Rh catalyst formed Rh pre-catalyst material selectively functionalizes CH bond on the arene compound (e.g., benzene or substituted benzene).
1. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes CH bond on the arene compound, wherein B is an oxidant, wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising:
a rhodium (I) catalyst having one of the following formula: L 2 Rh(L′)X, L 3 RhX, (L 1 X 1 )Rh(L′), [(L) 2 Rh(μ-X)] 2 , RhX 3 , [L n Rh y (m-X) m ], or (L) n Rh m
wherein L 2 is selected from:
two independent and neutral first ligands each coordinated to Rh(I) through a carbon donor, nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, or a sulfur donor,
a neutral bidentate ligand coordinated to Rh(I) through either a carbon donor, nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, or a sulfur donor, or
a combination of the neutral first ligand and the neutral bidentate ligand;
wherein L′ is a neutral second ligand coordinated to Rh(I),
wherein X is a mono-anionic group, either coordinated to the metal or not,
wherein L 3 is a tridentate first ligand coordinated to Rh(I) in a κ 2 or κ 3 fashion through a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, a sulfur donor, or a combination thereof,
wherein L 1 X 1 is a monoanionic bidentate or tridentate second ligand coordinated to Rh(I) in a κ 2 or κ 3 fashion through a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, a sulfur donor, or a combination thereof,
wherein L is a neutral, two-electron donating third ligand coordinated to Rh(I), and
wherein y is 1 to 4, m is 1 to 4 and n is 3(m).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxidant is selected from the group consisting of a copper(II) salt, iodates, periodates, nitrogen oxide, silver salt, peroxide, dioxygen, copper(I) salt and one or both of dioxygen and air, and a combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Rh pre-catalyst material comprises Rh nanoparticles on a support or single atom Rh material on the support.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the benzene to styrene is about 1:100 to 1000:1, wherein the amount of Rh catalyst is about 20 mol % to 0.000000001 mol %, wherein the amount of oxidant is about 2 to 10,000 equivalents relative to Rh catalyst.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction temperature is about 125-205° C. for about 1 to 72 hours.
6. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes CH bond on the benzene compound, wherein B is an oxidant, wherein R51 to R58 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R′, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR′, —CN, SiR′ 3 , and —OR′, wherein each R′ is independently selected from H and an alkyl, wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising:
a rhodium (I) catalyst having one of the following formula: L 2 Rh(L′)X, L 3 RhX, (L 1 X 1 )Rh(L′), [(L) 2 Rh(μ-X)] 2 , RhX 3 , [L n Rh y (m-X) m ], or (L) n Rh m
wherein L 2 is selected from:
two independent and neutral first ligands each coordinated to Rh(I) through a carbon donor, nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, or a sulfur donor,
a neutral bidentate ligand coordinated to Rh(I) through either a carbon donor, nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, or a sulfur donor, or
a combination of the neutral first ligand and the neutral bidentate ligand;
wherein L′ is a neutral second ligand coordinated to Rh(I),
wherein X is a mono-anionic group, either coordinated to the metal or not,
wherein L 3 is a tridentate first ligand coordinated to Rh(I) in a κ 2 or κ 3 fashion through a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, a sulfur donor, or a combination thereof,
wherein L 1 X 1 is a monoanionic bidentate or tridentate second ligand coordinated to Rh(I) in a κ 2 or κ 3 fashion through a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, a sulfur donor, or a combination thereof,
wherein L is a neutral, two-electron donating third ligand coordinated to Rh(I), and
wherein y is 1 to 4, m is 1 to 4 and n is 3(m).
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the oxidant is selected from the group consisting of a copper(II) salt, iodates, periodates, nitrogen dioxide, silver salt, peroxide, dioxygen, copper(I) salt and one or both of dioxygen and air, and a combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the Rh pre-catalyst material comprises a Rh nanoparticles on a support or single atom Rh material on the support.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the ratio of the benzene to styrene is about 1:100 to 1000:1, wherein the amount of Rh catalyst is about 20 mol % to 0.000000001 mol %, wherein the amount of oxidant is about 2 to 10,000 equivalents relative to Rh catalyst.
10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the reaction temperature is about 125-205° C. for about 2 to 72 hours.
11. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes a CH bond in meta and para positions of the substituted benezene relative to the functional group, wherein B is an oxidant,
wherein R51 to R58 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R′, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR′, —CN, SiR′ 3 , and —OR′, wherein each R′ is independently selected from H and an alkyl,
wherein R61 to R66 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R″, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR″, —CN, SiR″ 3 and —OR″, wherein each R″ is independently selected from H and an alkyl,
wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising:
a rhodium (I) catalyst having one of the following formula: L 2 Rh(L′)X, L 3 RhX, (L 1 X 1 )Rh(L′), [(L) 2 Rh(μ-X)] 2 , RhX 3 , [L n Rh y (m-X) m ], or (L) n Rh m
wherein L 2 is selected from:
two independent and neutral first ligands each coordinated to Rh(I) through a carbon donor, nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, or a sulfur donor,
a neutral bidentate ligand coordinated to Rh(I) through either a carbon donor, nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, or a sulfur donor, or
a combination of the neutral first ligand and the neutral bidentate ligand;
wherein L′ is a neutral second ligand coordinated to Rh(I),
wherein X is a mono-anionic group, either coordinated to the metal or not,
wherein L 3 is a tridentate first ligand coordinated to Rh(I) in a κ 2 or κ 3 fashion through a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, a sulfur donor, or a combination thereof,
wherein L 1 X 1 is a monoanionic bidentate or tridentate second ligand coordinated to Rh(I) in a κ 2 or κ 3 fashion through a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor, a phosphorus donor, an oxygen donor, a sulfur donor, or a combination thereof,
wherein L is a neutral, two-electron donating third ligand coordinated to Rh(I), and
wherein y is 1 to 4, m is 1 to 4 and n is 3(m).
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the oxidant is selected from the group consisting of a copper(II) salt, iodates, periodates, nitrogen dioxide, silver salt, peroxide, dioxygen, copper(I) salt and one or both of dioxygen and air, and a combination thereof.
13. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes a CH bond in meta and para positions of the substituted benezene relative to the functional group, wherein B is an oxidant,
wherein R51 to R58 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R′, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR′, —CN, SiR′ 3 , and —OR′, wherein each R′ is independently selected from H and an alkyl,
wherein R61 to R66 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R″, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR″, —CN, SiR″ 3 and —OR″, wherein each R″ is independently selected from H and an alkyl,
wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising: a rhodium (I) catalyst having the following structure:
wherein A 1 and A 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halogen, an acetate group, a sulfur-based ligand, a carbon-based ligand, hydroxyl, alkoxy, oxide, an amido, a phosphide, a phosphido, a nitride, a hydride, a phosphate (PF 6 ), and a borate (BPh 4 ), wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , and R 24 are independently selected from the group consisting of: an alkyl, an aryl, an acetate, a cyano group, an olefin, an imine, an ether, a nitrile, a ketone, water, a sulfur based ligand, a phosphine, a carbonyl, a phosphite, and a silicon based ligand.
14. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes a CH bond in meta and para positions of the substituted benezene relative to the functional group, wherein B is an oxidant,
wherein R51 to R58 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R′, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR′, —CN, SiR′ 3 , and —OR′, wherein each R′ is independently selected from H and an alkyl,
wherein R61 to R66 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R″, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR″, —CN, SiR″ 3 and —OR″, wherein each R″ is independently selected from H and an alkyl,
wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising: a rhodium (I) catalyst having the following structure:
wherein Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: N, O, P, S, Si, and C, wherein Z 1 and Z 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a nitrile, a phosphite, a carbonyl, and a carboxylate, optionally, Z 1 and Z 2 are joined together with a bond to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring, wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, an alkyl, an aryl, an acetate, a cyano group, an olefin, an imine, an ether, a nitrile, a ketone, water, a sulfur based ligand, a phosphine, a carbonyl, a nitrosyl, a silane, and an N-Heterocyclic carbene, wherein R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a cyano group, a nitrile, and a phosphite.
15. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes a CH bond in meta and para positions of the substituted benezene relative to the functional group, wherein B is an oxidant,
wherein R51 to R58 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R′, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR′, —CN, SiR′ 3 , and —OR′, wherein each R′ is independently selected from H and an alkyl,
wherein R61 to R66 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R″, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR″, —CN, SiR″ 3 and —OR″, wherein each R″ is independently selected from H and an alkyl,
wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising: a rhodium (I) catalyst having the following structure:
wherein Q 3 , Q 4 , and Q 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of: N, O, P, S, and Si, wherein Z 3 and Z 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a cyano group, a carbonyl, and a silyl group, optionally, Z 3 and Z 4 are joined together with a bond to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring, wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, an alkyl, an aryl, an acetate, a cyano group, an olefin, an imine, an ether, a nitrile, a ketone, water, a sulfur based ligand, a phosphine, a silyl group, and an N-heterocyclic carbene, wherein R 10 , R 13 , R 14 R 15 , and R 16 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a cyano group, a nitrile, and a phosphite wherein, optionally, R 15 and R 14 , R 14 and R 11 , or R 11 , R 14 , and R 15 are joined together with a bond(s) to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring, wherein, optionally, R 16 and R 13 , R 13 and R 12 , or R 12 , R 13 , and R 16 are joined together with a bond(s) to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring.
16. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes a CH bond in meta and para positions of the substituted benezene relative to the functional group, wherein B is an oxidant,
wherein R51 to R58 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R′, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR′, —CN, SiR′ 3 , and —OR′, wherein each R′ is independently selected from H and an alkyl,
wherein R61 to R66 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R″, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR″, —CN, SiR″ 3 and —OR″, wherein each R″ is independently selected from H and an alkyl,
wherein the Rh pre-catalyst material comprises Rh nanoparticles on a support or single atom Rh material on the support.
17. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes CH bond on the arene compound, wherein B is an oxidant, wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising: a rhodium (I) catalyst having the following structure:
wherein A 1 and A 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halogen, an acetate group, a sulfur-based ligand, a carbon-based ligand, hydroxyl, alkoxy, oxide, an amido, a phosphide, a phosphido, a nitride, a hydride, a phosphate (PF 6 ), and a borate (BPh 4 ), wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , and R 24 are independently selected from the group consisting of: an alkyl, an aryl, an acetate, a cyano group, an olefin, an imine, an ether, a nitrile, a ketone, water, a sulfur based ligand, a phosphine, a carbonyl, a phosphite, and a silicon based ligand.
18. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes CH bond on the arene compound, wherein B is an oxidant, wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising: a rhodium (I) catalyst having the following structure:
wherein Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: N, O, P, S, Si, and C, wherein Z 1 and Z 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a nitrile, a phosphite, a carbonyl, and a carboxylate, optionally, Z 1 and Z 2 are joined together with a bond to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring, wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, an alkyl, an aryl, an acetate, a cyano group, an olefin, an imine, an ether, a nitrile, a ketone, water, a sulfur based ligand, a phosphine, a carbonyl, a nitrosyl, a silane, and an N-Heterocyclic carbene, wherein R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a cyano group, a nitrile, and a phosphite.
19. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes CH bond on the arene compound, wherein B is an oxidant, wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising: a rhodium (I) catalyst having the following structure:
wherein Q 3 , Q 4 , and Q 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of: N, O, P, S, and Si, wherein Z 3 and Z 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a cyano group, a carbonyl, and a silyl group, optionally, Z 3 and Z 4 are joined together with a bond to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring, wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, an alkyl, an aryl, an acetate, a cyano group, an olefin, an imine, an ether, a nitrile, a ketone, water, a sulfur based ligand, a phosphine, a silyl group, and an N-heterocyclic carbene, wherein R 10 , R 13 , R 14 R 15 , and R 16 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a cyano group, a nitrile, and a phosphite wherein, optionally, R 15 and R 14 , R 14 and R 11 , or R 11 , R 14 , and R 15 are joined together with a bond(s) to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring, wherein, optionally, R 16 and R 13 , R 13 and R 12 , or R 12 , R 13 , and R 16 are joined together with a bond(s) to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring.
20. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes CH bond on the arene compound, wherein B is an oxidant, wherein the Rh pre-catalyst material comprises Rh nanoparticles on a support or single atom Rh material on the support.
21. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes CH bond on the benzene compound, wherein B is an oxidant, wherein R51 to R58 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R′, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR′, —CN, SiR′ 3 , and —OR′, wherein each R′ is independently selected from H and an alkyl, wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising: a rhodium (I) catalyst having the following structure:
wherein A 1 and A 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halogen, an acetate group, a sulfur-based ligand, a carbon-based ligand, hydroxyl, alkoxy, oxide, an amido, a phosphide, a phosphido, a nitride, a hydride, a phosphate (PF 6 ), and a borate (BPh 4 ), wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , and R 24 are independently selected from the group consisting of: an alkyl, an aryl, an acetate, a cyano group, an olefin, an imine, an ether, a nitrile, a ketone, water, a sulfur based ligand, a phosphine, a carbonyl, a phosphite, and a silicon based ligand.
22. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes CH bond on the benzene compound, wherein B is an oxidant, wherein R51 to R58 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R′, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR′, —CN, SiR′ 3 , and —OR′, wherein each R′ is independently selected from H and an alkyl, wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising: a rhodium (I) catalyst having the following structure:
wherein Q 1 and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: N, O, P, S, Si, and C, wherein Z 1 and Z 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a nitrile, a phosphite, a carbonyl, and a carboxylate, optionally, Z 1 and Z 2 are joined together with a bond to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring, wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, an alkyl, an aryl, an acetate, a cyano group, an olefin, an imine, an ether, a nitrile, a ketone, water, a sulfur based ligand, a phosphine, a carbonyl, a nitrosyl, a silane, and an N-Heterocyclic carbene, wherein R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a cyano group, a nitrile, and a phosphite.
23. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes CH bond on the benzene compound, wherein B is an oxidant, wherein R51 to R58 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R′, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR′, —CN, SiR′ 3 , and —OR′, wherein each R′ is independently selected from H and an alkyl, wherein the Rh catalyst is a composition comprising: a rhodium (I) catalyst having the following structure:
wherein Q 3 , Q 4 , and Q 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of: N, O, P, S, and Si, wherein Z 3 and Z 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a cyano group, a carbonyl, and a silyl group, optionally, Z 3 and Z 4 are joined together with a bond to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring, wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, an alkyl, an aryl, an acetate, a cyano group, an olefin, an imine, an ether, a nitrile, a ketone, water, a sulfur based ligand, a phosphine, a silyl group, and an N-heterocyclic carbene, wherein R 10 , R 13 , R 14 R 15 , and R 16 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an acetate, a cyano group, a nitrile, and a phosphite wherein, optionally, R 15 and R 14 , R 14 and R 11 , or R 11 , R 14 , and R 15 are joined together with a bond(s) to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring, wherein, optionally, R 16 and R 13 , R 13 and R 12 , or R 12 , R 13 , and R 16 are joined together with a bond(s) to form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring.
24. A method of making a substituted arene, comprising:
wherein A is a Rh catalyst or Rh pre-catalyst material, wherein the Rh catalyst selectively functionalizes CH bond on the benzene compound, wherein B is an oxidant, wherein R51 to R58 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halide, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a —O—R′, a carbocycle group, a heterocyclo, an aryl, a heteroaryl, —NO 2 , —C(O)OR′, —CN, SiR′ 3 , and —OR′, wherein each R′ is independently selected from H and an alkyl, wherein the Rh pre-catalyst material comprises a Rh nanoparticles on a support or single atom Rh material on the support.