Hybridized transmission switching for contingency management in electric power systems
Disclosed herein are systems and methods to perform hybridized transmission switching of an electric power system to avoid exceeding line ratings and minimize load shedding.
1 . A computerized method of hybridized transmission switching for contingency management of an electric power system, comprising:
determining, by a computer executing an optimal power flow algorithm, dispatchable loads on an electric power system undergoing one or more contingencies and a need for load shedding in order to stabilize the electric power system;
identifying, by the computer, one or more load shedding busses (LSBs) in the electric power system for the load shedding;
determining, by the computer, one or more transmission lines connected to the LSBs that are operating at or above a threshold percent of an emergency line rating for the transmission lines;
determining, by the computer, from a line outage distribution factor (LODF) matrix of the electric power system, a list of N transmission lines of the electric power system that if removed from the electric power system would result in a counter-flow in the determined one or more transmission lines connected to the LSBs that are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines, where N is greater than or equal to 1;
determining, by the computer, for each transmission line (n) in the list of N transmission lines of the electric power system that if removed from the electric power system would result in the counter-flow in the determined one or more transmission lines connected to the LSBs that are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines, by the computer executing the optimal power flow algorithm for dispatchable loads on the electric power system with each transmission line (n) of the N list of transmission lines individually and independently removed from the electric power system, a value of load-shedding for stabilizing the electric power system with transmission line (n) removed from the electric power system and repeating this step for all N transmission lines so that each of the N transmission lines is correlated with a load shedding value; and
selecting, by the computer, one of the transmission lines (n) from the list of N transmission lines for switching based on the selected transmission line having the minimal load shedding value.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising the computer sending a signal to a control system to remove the selected transmission line from the electric power system.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the control system comprises a supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA), an automated transmission system,—a smart-grid system digital relays, or circuit breakers.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the optimal power flow algorithm comprises direct-current optimal power flow (DCOPF) or alternating-current optimal power flow (ACOPF).
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines comprises 99 percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the method ends if it is determined by the computer that there is no need for load shedding in order to stabilize the electric power system.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein if it is determined, by the computer, that none of the one or more transmission lines connected to the LSBs are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines; then:
determining, by the computer, if any one or more of the transmission lines that comprise the electric power system are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines;
determining, by the computer, from the line outage distribution factor (LODF) matrix of the electric power system, a list of N transmission lines of the electric power system that if removed from the electric power system would result in a counter-flow in the determined any one or more transmission lines that comprise the electric power system that are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines, where N is greater than or equal to 1;
determining, by the computer, for each transmission line (n) in the list of N transmission lines of the electric power system that if removed from the electric power system would result in the counter-flow in the determined any one or more transmission lines that comprise the electric power system that are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines, by the computer executing the optimal power flow algorithm for dispatchable loads on the electric power system with each transmission line (n) of the N list of transmission lines individually and independently removed from the electric power system, a value of load-shedding for stabilizing the electric power system with transmission line (n) removed from the electric power system and repeating this step for all N transmission lines so that each of the N transmission lines is correlated with a load shedding value; and
selecting, by the computer, one of the transmission lines (n) from the list of N transmission lines for switching based on the selected transmission line having the minimal load shedding value.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the method ends if it is determined by the computer that none of the transmission lines that comprise the electric power system are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein any transmission line that would create an islanding condition is not included in the list of N transmission lines.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more contingencies comprises a loss of one or more generators and/or a loss of one or more non-radial transmission lines.
11 . A system for hybridized transmission switching for contingency management of an electric power system, comprising:
an electric power system comprised of a plurality of generators, busses, radial and non-radial transmission lines;
a processor in communication with a memory, wherein the processor executes computer-executable instructions stored on the memory, said instructions causing the processor to:
receive an indication that the electric power system is undergoing one or more contingencies;
determine by executing an optimal power flow algorithm, dispatchable loads on the electric power system while the electric power system is undergoing the one or more contingencies and a need for load shedding in order to stabilize the electric power system;
identify one or more load shedding busses (LSBs) in the electric power system for the load shedding;
determine one or more non-radial transmission lines connected to the LSBs that are operating at or above a threshold percent of an emergency line rating for the transmission lines;
determine, from a line outage distribution factor (LODF) matrix of the electric power system, a list of N non-radial transmission lines of the electric power system that if removed from the electric power system would result in a counter-flow in the determined one or more non-radial transmission lines connected to the LSBs that are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines, where N is greater than or equal to 1;
determine, for each transmission line (n) in the list of N non-radial transmission lines of the electric power system that if removed from the electric power system would result in the counter-flow in the determined one or more non-radial transmission lines connected to the LSBs that are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines, by executing the optimal power flow algorithm for dispatchable loads on the electric power system with each transmission line (n) of the N list of non-radial transmission lines individually and independently removed from the electric power system, a value of load-shedding for stabilizing the electric power system with transmission line (n) removed from the electric power system and repeating this step for all N non-radial transmission lines so that each of the N non-radial transmission lines is correlated with a load shedding value; and
selecting one of the transmission lines (n) from the list of N non-radial transmission lines for switching based on the selected transmission line having the minimal load shedding value.
12 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the electric power system further comprises a control system, wherein the processor sends a signal to the control system to remove the selected transmission line from the electric power system.
13 . The system of claim 12 , wherein the control system comprises a supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA), an automated transmission system, a smart-grid system, digital relays, or circuit breakers.
14 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the optimal power flow algorithm comprises direct-current optimal power flow (DCOPF) or alternating-current optimal power flow (ACOPF).
15 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines comprises 99 percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines.
16 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the processor takes no further actions if it is determined that there is no need for load shedding in order to stabilize the electric power system.
17 . The system of claim 11 , wherein if it is determined, by the processor, that none of the one or more non-radial transmission lines connected to the LSBs are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines; then:
determining, by the processor, if any one or more of the non-radial transmission lines that comprise the electric power system are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines;
determining, by the processor, from the line outage distribution factor (LODF) matrix of the electric power system, a list of N non-radial transmission lines of the electric power system that if removed from the electric power system would result in a counter-flow in the determined any one or more non-radial transmission lines that comprise the electric power system that are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines, where N is greater than or equal to 1;
determining, by the processor, for each transmission line (n) in the list of N non-radial transmission lines of the electric power system that if removed from the electric power system would result in the counter-flow in the determined any one or more non-radial transmission lines that comprise the electric power system that are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines, by the processor executing the optimal power flow algorithm for dispatchable loads on the electric power system with each transmission line (n) of the N list of non-radial transmission lines individually and independently removed from the electric power system, a value of load-shedding for stabilizing the electric power system with transmission line (n) removed from the electric power system and repeating this step for all N non-radial transmission lines so that each of the N non-radial transmission lines is correlated with a load shedding value; and
selecting, by the processor, one of the transmission lines (n) from the list of N non-radial transmission lines for switching based on the selected transmission line having the minimal load shedding value.
18 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the processor takes no further action if it is determined that none of the non-radial transmission lines that comprise the electric power system are operating at or above the threshold percent of the emergency line rating for the transmission lines.
19 . The system of claim 11 , wherein any transmission line that would create an islanding condition is not included in the list of N non-radial transmission lines.
20 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the one or more contingencies comprises a loss of one or more generators and/or a loss of one or more non-radial transmission lines.