IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,551,548
Granted Patent B2
US 12,551,548 · App. 18/009,684 · Granted Feb 17, 2026

HIV vaccine compositions, methods, and uses thereof

Inventors: Peng Liang (Chengdu Sichuan, CN); Joshua Liang (Chengdu Sichuan, CN)
Assignee: Sichuan Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.
A61K39/21A61P31/18C07K14/162C07K14/78C07K16/1045C12N7/00A61K2039/543A61K2039/6031A61K2039/64
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,551,548
App. No.
18/009,684
Granted
Feb 17, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

The present invention discloses immunogenic compositions including recombinant peptides and proteins comprising human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) antigens and immunogens, e.g., gp 120 protein peptides. In some aspects, the immunogenic composition comprises a secreted fusion protein comprising a soluble HIV viral antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of a collagen which is capable of self-trimerization to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein. In some aspects, the immunogenic compositions provided herein are useful for generating an immune response, e.g., for treating or preventing an HIV infection. In some aspects, the immunogenic compositions provided herein may be used in a vaccine composition, e.g., as part of a prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccine. Also provided herein are methods for producing the recombinant peptides and proteins, prophylactic, therapeutic, and/or diagnostic methods, and related kits.

Claims (20)

1 . A method for preventing infection by an HIV in a mammal, comprising immunizing a mammal with an effective amount of a recombinant subunit vaccine comprising a soluble HIV viral surface antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the HIV is an HIV-1, wherein the HIV-1 is a tier 1B, tier 1A, tier 2, or tier 3 virus.

3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the HIV viral surface antigen comprises a gp120 protein or a fragment or epitope thereof.

4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the gp120 protein peptide comprises an outer domain subunit peptide, an inner domain subunit peptide, or any combination thereof, and wherein the protein comprises three recombinant polypeptides.

5 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the gp120 protein peptide comprises one, two, three, four, or five C regions, and one, two, three, four, or five variable regions, optionally separated by a bridging sheet.

6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the HIV viral surface antigen comprises a mutated gp120 protein.

7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the fusion protein comprises a sequence selected from sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-18, and any combination thereof.

8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the fusion protein comprises a first sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 19-30 linked to a second sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 31-46, wherein the C terminus of the first sequence is directly or indirectly linked to the N terminus of the second sequence.

9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant subunit vaccine is administered via intramuscular injection.

10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant subunit vaccine is administered via intra-nasal spray.

11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant subunit vaccine is administered in a single dose or a series of doses separated by intervals of weeks or months.

12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant subunit vaccine is administered without adjuvant.

13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant subunit vaccine is administered with an adjuvant.

14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant subunit vaccine is administered with more than one adjuvant.

15 . A method for detecting antibodies to an HIV from sera of a mammal comprising the step of contacting the sera with a soluble HIV viral surface antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a portion of collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein.

16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the soluble HIV viral surface antigen is a gp120 protein or peptide.

17 . A method of using a recombinant subunit vaccine comprising a soluble surface antigen from an HIV, which is joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein, the method comprising: immunize a mammal, purifying the neutralizing antibody generated, and treating patients infected by the said HIV via passive immunization using said neutralizing antibody.

18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the neutralizing antibody comprises polyclonal antibodies or a monoclonal antibody.

19 . A recombinant subunit vaccine comprising a soluble HIV viral surface antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of a collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein.

20 . The recombinant subunit vaccine of claim 19 , wherein the HIV viral surface antigen comprises a gp120 protein or a fragment or epitope thereof.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Oct 28, 2025
From: LIANG, PENG; LIANG, JOSHUA
To: SICHUAN CLOVER BIOPHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Reel/Frame 072702/0066 →
Continuity (3)
Continuation PCTCN2021087054 · Apr 13, 2021
Continuation PCTCN2020095335 · Jun 10, 2020
Related Publication 20230233663A1 · Jul 27, 2023
References Cited (188)
US 4703017A · Campbell et al. · 1987 [cited by applicant]
US 4722848A · Paoletti et al. · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4743560A · Campbell et al. · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4942522A · Wilkie et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4956302A · Gordon et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 5073484A · Swanson et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5120643A · Ching et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5252496A · Kang et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5559041A · Kang et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5589466A · Felgner et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5591645A · Rosenstein et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5593972A · Weiner et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5605690A · Jacobs et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5622871A · May et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5643578A · Robinson et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5654162A · Guire et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5656448A · Kang et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5656503A · May et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5714389A · Charlton et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5728587A · Kang et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5817637A · Weiner et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5880103A · Urban et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5989921A · Charlton et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6020147A · Guire et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6027943A · Kang et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6171827B1 · Bulleid et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6187598B1 · May et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6190886B1 · Hoppe et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6228660B1 · May et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6277600B1 · Tomita et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6352862B1 · Davis et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6485982B1 · Charlton · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6506612B2 · Kang et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6534320B2 · Ching et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6541277B1 · Kang et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6617431B1 · Gruber et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6737277B1 · Kang et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6818455B2 · May et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 7255868B2 · Fearon et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7268116B2 · Liang · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7479285B1 · Van Nest et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7491706B2 · Yu et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7666837B2 · Liang · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7691815B2 · Liang · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7745598B2 · Wang et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7785610B2 · Fearon et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 8003115B2 · Fearon et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8114418B2 · Fearon et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8133874B2 · Wang et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8222398B2 · Fearon et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8333980B2 · Van Nest et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8597665B2 · Fearon et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8669237B2 · Van Nest et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 9028845B2 · Fearon et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 10052378B2 · Wang et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10618949B2 · Liang · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10722571B2 · Chang et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10906944B2 · He et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 10960070B2 · Graham et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11111284B2 · Faustman et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20010008774A1 · May et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 20030143564A1 · Burgeson et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030143755A1 · Davis et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030148466A1 · Fox et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030207465A1 · Davis et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030219908A1 · Davis et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20040197876A1 · Tschopp et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050202537A1 · Liang · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050244986A1 · May et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20070087413A1 · Liang · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070116690A1 · Yang et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070117755A1 · Liang · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20200002704A1 · Huang et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200009244A1 · He et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210246170A1 · Langedijk et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210268102A1 · Yan et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210275665A1 · Cho et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210308257A1 · Kuo et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210355170A1 · Whitehead et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CN 106928326A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CN 111592602A · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 112220920 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CN 112266411 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CN 112480217 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CN 113185613 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CN 113234170 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CN 113480618 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO1997017988 · 1997 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2016029043 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021154812 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021160346 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021163365 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021170131 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021174128 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021178318 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021178321 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021178971 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021189056 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021198706 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021204179 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021205455 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021214703 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021216743 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021226436 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021228842 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021243122 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021245611 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021249012 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021249116 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021249451 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
Geall et al., “Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines,” PNAS, 109(36): 14604-14609, 2012. [cited by applicant]
Bette Korber et al., Human Retroviruses and AIDS 1998: A Compilation and Analysis of Nucleic Acid and Amino Acid Sequences. [cited by applicant]
Berrey et al., “Treatment of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection with potent antiretroviral therapy reduces frequency of rapid progression to Aids,” [cited by applicant]
Acharya et al., “HIV-1 gp120 as a therapeutic target: navigating a moving labyrinth,” Expert Opin Ther Targets (19)6: 765-783, 2015. [cited by applicant]
Buckland et al., “Technology transfer and scale-up of the Flublok recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) influenza vaccine manufacturing process,” Vaccine (32) 5496-5502, 2014. [cited by applicant]
Brito et al., “Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines,” Adv Genet., 89:179-233, 2015. [cited by applicant]
Sriwilalijaroen, “Molecular basis of the structure and function of H1 hemagglutinin of influenza virus,” Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci (88) 226-249, 2012. [cited by applicant]
Liu et al., “Improvement of Pharmacokinetic Profile of Trail via Trimer-Tag Enhances its Antitumor Activity in vivo,” 2017, Sci Rep 7(1):8953. [cited by applicant]
Neumann et al. “Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned CDNAs,” PNAS 96 (16) 9345-9350, 1999. [cited by applicant]
James et al., “Safe Administration of the Measles Vaccine to Children Allergic to Eggs,” N. Engl. J. Med., (1995) 332:1262-6. [cited by applicant]
Corper et al., “Structure of the uncleaved human H1 hemagglutinin from the extinct 1918 influenza virus,” Science (303) 1866-1870, 2004. [cited by applicant]
Lin et al., “Automatic Prediction of Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity from the Electronic Medical Records,” PLoS One (8), 2013. [cited by applicant]
Wang et al., “Expression and purification of an influenza hemagglutinin—one step closer to a recombinant protein-based influenza vaccine” Vaccine (24) 2176-2185, 2006. [cited by applicant]
Traynor, “First recombinant flu vaccine approved,” Am J Health Syst Pharm (70) 382, 2013. [cited by applicant]
Lakey et al., “Recombinant Baculovirus Influenza A Hemagglutinin Vaccines are Well Tolerated and Immunogenic in Healthy Adults” J Infect Dis (174) 838-841, 1996. [cited by applicant]
Yang et al., “Recombinant Trivalent Influenza Vaccine (Flublok®): A Review of Its Use in the Prevention of Seasonal Influenza in Adults,” Drugs 73:1357-1366, 2013. [cited by applicant]
Pica et al., “,Hemagglutinin stalk antibodies elicited by the 2009 pandemic influenza virus as a mechanism for the extinction of seasonal H1N1 viruses” 2012, PNAS 109:2573-78. [cited by applicant]
Wiley et al., “Structural identification of the antibody-binding sites of Hong Kong influenza haemagglutinin and their involvement in antigenic variation,” 1981, Nature 29:373-78. [cited by applicant]
Smith et al,. “Emergence and predominance of an H5N1 influenza variant in China,” PNAS (103)16936-16941, 2006. [cited by applicant]
Peiris et al., “Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humans.” J Clin Virol 45:169-173, 2009. [cited by applicant]
Johnson NP et al., “Global Morality of the 1918-1920 “Spanish” Influenza Pandemic,” Bull Hist Med 76:105-115, 2002. [cited by applicant]
Zhu et al., “From Variation of Influenza Viral Proteins to Vaccine Development,” Int J Mol Sci (18), 2017. [cited by applicant]
Monto, “Vaccine and Antiviral Drug in Pandemic Population,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 12:55-60, 2006. [cited by applicant]
Ahmed et al., “Evaluation of Bacteroides markers for the detection of human faecal pollution,” Applied Microbiology, ISSN 0266-8254 2007. [cited by applicant]
Thompson et al., “Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States,” JAMA (11):1330, 2004. [cited by applicant]
Murata, Y., “Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development,” (2009) Clin. Lab. Med. 29, 725-739. [cited by applicant]
James et al., “Field Evaluation of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine and a Trivalent Parainfluenza Virus Vaccine in a Pediatric Population,” Am. J. Epidemiol. 89, 449-463. [cited by applicant]
Kim et al., “Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine,” (1969) Am. J, Epidemiol. 89, 422-434; Chin et al., (1969). [cited by applicant]
Swanson et al., “Structural basis for immunization with postfusion respiratory syncytial virus fusion F glycoprotein (RSV F) to elicit high neutralizing antibody titers,” (2011) Prot. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 9619-9… [cited by applicant]
Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1995. [cited by applicant]
Jiang et al., “Immunostimulatory polynucleotide/immunomodulatory molecule conjugates,” J. Biol. Stand., (1986) 14:103-9. [cited by applicant]
Addetia et al., “Neutralizing Antibodies Correlate with Protection from SARS-CoV-2 in Humans during a Fishery Vessel Outbreak with a High Attack Rate,” J Clin Microbiol. (2020) 58(11):e02107-20. [cited by applicant]
Baker et al., “Structures of bovine and human papillomaviruses. Analysis by cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction,” Biophys J. (1991) 60(6):1445-56. [cited by applicant]
Barouch et al., “A human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 regulatory element enhances the immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA vaccines in mice and nonhuman primates,” J Virol. (2005) 79(14):8828-34. [cited by applicant]
Bode et al., “CpG DNA as a vaccine adjuvant,” Expert Rev Vaccines. (2011) 10(4):499-511. [cited by applicant]
Bradley et al., “Hepatitis A virus: growth characteristics of in vivo and in vitro propagated wild and attenuated virus strains,” J Med Virol. (1984) 14(4): 373-86. (Abstract only). [cited by applicant]
Braun et al., “Immunogenic duplex nucleic acids are nuclease resistant,” J Immunol. (1988) 141(6): 2084-9. (Abstract only). [cited by applicant]
Brito et al., “Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines,” Adv Genet. (2015); 89:179-233. (Abstract only). [cited by applicant]
Cai et al., “Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein,” Science. (2020) 369(6511): 1586-1592. [cited by applicant]
Clover Biopharmaceuticals & GSK, “Clover and GSK announce research collaboration to evaluate coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine candidate with pandemic adjuvant system,”, Feb. 24, 2020 (Feb. 24, 2020). [cited by applicant]
Clover Biopharmaceuticals & GSK, “GlaxoSmithKline and Clover collaborate to evaluate the combination of novel coronavirus vaccine candidate and pandemic vaccine adjuvant system,” Feb. 24, 2020 (Feb. 24, 2020). [cited by applicant]
Coffman et al., “Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work,” Immunity. (2010) 33(4):492-503. [cited by applicant]
De Felipe, “Skipping the co-expression problem: the new 2A “Chysel” technology,” Genet Vaccines Ther Sep. 13, 2004;2(1):13. [cited by applicant]
De Felipe, “Targeting of proteins derived from self-processing polyproteins containing multiple signal sequences,” Traffic (2004) 5(8):616-626. [cited by applicant]
Gao et al., “Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2,” Science. (2020) 369(6499): 77-81. [cited by applicant]
Garcon et al., “Development and evaluation of AS03, an Adjuvant System containing α-tocopherol and squalene in an oil-in-water emulsion,” Expert Rev Vaccines. (2012) 11(3):349-66. [cited by applicant]
Geall et al., “Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines,” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2012) 109(36): 14604-9. [cited by applicant]
Hagansee et al., “Three-dimensional structure of vaccinia virus-produced human papillomavirus type 1 capsids,” J Virol. (1994) 68(7): 4503-5. [cited by applicant]
Harbury et al., “A switch between two-, three-, and four-stranded coiled coils in GCN4 leucine zipper mutants,” Science. (1993) 262(5138):1401-7. [cited by applicant]
Hoppe et al., “A parallel three stranded alpha-helical bundle at the nucleation site of collagen triple-helix formation,” FEBS Lett. (1994) 344(2-3): 191-5. [cited by applicant]
James et al., “Safe administration of the measles vaccine to children allergic to eggs,” N Engl J Med. (1995) 332(19):1262-6. [cited by applicant]
Kirchdoerfer et al., “Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein,” Nature. (2016) 531(7592): 118-21. [cited by applicant]
Latimer et al., “Specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced against phosphorothioate and ribo modified DNAs,” Mol Immunol. (1995) 32(14-15): 1057-64. (Abstract only). [cited by applicant]
Liang et al., “S-Trimer, a Covid-19 subunit vaccine candidate, induces protective immunity in nonhuman primates,” Nat Commun. (2021) 12(1):1346. [cited by applicant]
Liu et al., “Improvement of Pharmacokinetic Profile of Trail via Trimer-Tag Enhances its Antitumor Activity in vivo,” Sci Rep. (2017) 7(1): 8953. [cited by applicant]
Ma et al. “Cryo-EM structure of S-Trimer, a subunit vaccine candidate for Covid-19,” bioRxiv 2020.09.21.306357. doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.306357. [cited by applicant]
Ma et al., “Cryo-EM structure of S-Trimer, a subunit vaccine candidate for Covid-19,” J Virol. (2021) 95(11): e00194-21. doi:10.1128/JVI.00194-21. [cited by applicant]
Magini et al., “Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral Challenge,” PLoS One. (2016) 11(8):e0161193. [cited by applicant]
McAlinden et al., “Alpha-helical coiled-coil oligomerization domains are almost ubiquitous in the collagen superfamily,” J Biol Chem. (2003) 278(43): 42200-42207. [cited by applicant]
Miroshnikov et al., “Engineering trimeric fibrous proteins based on bacteriophage T4 adhesins,” Protein Eng. (1998) 11(4):329-32. [cited by applicant]
Mohler et al., “Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptors Are Effective Therapeutic Agents in Lethal Endotoxemia and Function Simultaneously as Both TNF Carriers and TNF Antagonists,” J. of Immunology, vol. 151, No.… [cited by applicant]
Morel et al., “Adjuvant System AS03 containing α-tocopherol modulates innate immune response and leads to improved adaptive immunity,” Vaccine. (2011) 29(13): 2461-73. [cited by applicant]
Mowat et al., “ISCOMS—a novel strategy for mucosal immunization?,” Immunol Today. (1991) 12(11): 383-5. (Abstract only). [cited by applicant]
Munster et al., Respiratory disease and virus shedding in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, Nature. (2020) 585: 268-272. [cited by applicant]
Newman et al., “Use of nonionic block copolymers in vaccines and therapeutics,” Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. (1998); 15(2): 89-142. (Abstract only). [cited by applicant]
O'Hagen et al., “The history of MF59(®) adjuvant: a phoenix that arose from the ashes,” Expert Rev Vaccines. (2013) 12(1): 13-30. [cited by applicant]
Petsch et al., “Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection,” Nat Biotechnol. (2012) 30(12): 1210-6. [cited by applicant]
Pramanick et al., “Excipient Selection in Parenteral Formulation Development,” Pharma Times. (2013) 45: 65-77. [cited by applicant]
Richmond et al., “Safety and immunogenicity of S-Trimer (SCB-2019), a protein subunit vaccine candidate for Covid-19 in healthy adults: a phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,” Lancet. (2021) ;397… [cited by applicant]
Shah et al., “Overview of Vaccine Adjuvants: Introduction, History, and Current Status,” Methods Mol Biol. (2017) 1494:1-13. (Abstract only). [cited by applicant]
Shaw et al., “Heterologous prime-boost Covid-19 vaccination: initial reactogenicity data,” Lancet. (2021) 397(10289): 2043-2046. [cited by applicant]
Stover et al., “New use of BCG for recombinant vaccines,” Nature. (1991) 351(6326): 456-60. [cited by applicant]
Takahashi et al., “Induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells by immunization with purified HIV-1 envelope protein in ISCOMs,” Nature. (1990) 344(6269): 873-875. (Abstract only). [cited by applicant]
Vatti et al., “Original antigenic sin: A comprehensive review,” J Autoimmun. (2017) 83:12-21. [cited by applicant]
Walls et al., “Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein,” Cell. (2020) 181(2): 281-292.e6. [cited by applicant]
Wu et al., “Variant SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines confer broad neutralization as primary or booster series in mice,” bioRxiv. Oct. 7, 2021;2021.04.13.439482. [cited by applicant]
Wu et al., “Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine,” N Engl J Med. (2021) 384(15): 1468-1470. [cited by applicant]
Wu et al., “A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China,” Nature. (2020) 579(7798): 265-269. [cited by applicant]