Thermite reaction charge, method for forming a threephased rock-to-rock well barrier, and a well barrier formed thereof
This invention relates to a thermite reaction charge comprising bismuth oxide and aluminium adapted to react with a reaction rate giving a reaction time of 8 to 15 seconds for a thermite reaction charge of 30 to 100 kg from initialisation of the thermite reaction charge to at least 90% of the thermite reaction charge is reacted, a method for forming a three-phased rock-to-rock barrier by applying the thermite reaction charge and a well barrier formed thereof.
1. A thermite reaction charge, comprising bismuth oxide Bi 2 O 3 and a fuel metal comprising aluminium,
wherein
the thermite reaction charge is adapted to react at a reaction rate giving a reaction time of from 8 to 15 seconds for a thermite reaction charge of 30 to 100 kg from initialisation of the thermite reaction charge to until at least 90% of the thermite reaction charge is reacted, and
the thermite reaction charge comprises a monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide, and a fuel metal comprising at least one monolithic solid object of aluminium.
2. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein a particle size of the bismuth oxide used to produce the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide is in a range of from 1 to 3 mm and a particle size of the aluminium used to produce the monolithic solid object of aluminium is in a range of from 1 to 2 mm.
3. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the thermite reaction charge comprises:
the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide, where:
the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide is pressed to a density in a range of from 50 to 99% of a theoretical maximum density of 8.9 g/cm 3 , and
the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide has a thickness of from 0.5 to 20 cm, and an outer diameter adapted to fit into an inner chamber of a thermite charge carrying tool, and
the fuel metal comprising the at least one monolithic solid object of aluminium.
4. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the thermite reaction charge comprises:
a set of at least two of the monolithic planar solid discs of bismuth oxide,
wherein the fuel metal comprises a set of at least two monolithic solid objects of aluminium, each shaped into a planar solid disc having an outer diameter being the same as the monolithic planar solid discs of bismuth oxide,
wherein
the monolithic planar solid discs of bismuth oxide and the monolithic solid objects of aluminium are stacked in a stack of alternating bismuth oxide and aluminium discs.
5. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the thermite reaction charge comprises:
a set of at least two of the monolithic planar solid discs of bismuth oxide,
wherein the fuel metal comprises a set of at least two of the monolithic solid objects of aluminium, each shaped into a planar solid disc having an outer diameter being the same as the monolithic solid discs of bismuth oxide, and
wherein
the monolithic planar solid discs of bismuth oxide and the monolithic solid objects of aluminium are stacked in a stack of alternating bismuth oxide and aluminium discs,
wherein a thickness of the monolithic solid objects of aluminium is adapted to give a stoichiometric ratio of Bi:Al based on either:
a total content of bismuth oxide and aluminium of the thermite reaction charge, or:
a content of bismuth oxide of the thermite reaction charge and a content of aluminium of the thermite reaction charge and a content of aluminium of a thermite charge carrying tool applied to insert the thermite reaction charge into a well.
6. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the thermite reaction charge comprises:
a set of at least two of the monolithic planar solid discs of bismuth oxide, where each has a through-going centre channel located at and in parallel with a rotational symmetry axis of the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide, and
the fuel metal, wherein the fuel metal comprises one monolithic solid object of aluminium shaped into a rod adapted to fit into and fill the through-going centre channel of the monolithic planar solid discs of bismuth oxide,
wherein
the set of at least two of the monolithic planar solid discs of bismuth oxide are thread onto the rod, and
an inner diameter of the through-going centre channel and an outer diameter of the aluminium rod are both adapted so that when the aluminium rod fills the through-going centre channel, a total amount of aluminium and bismuth present in the termite reaction charge corresponds to a stoichiometric ratio of Bi:Al.
7. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the fuel metal of the thermite reaction charge comprises Al with Ca, Mg and Si in an amount to give a fuel mixture of Al, Ca, Mg and Si containing from 1 to 32 wt % Mg and from 1 to 68 wt % CaSi 2 , based on a total weight of Al, Mg, Si and Ca present in the thermite charge.
8. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the thermite reaction charge further comprises CaO and/or SiO2 in an amount adapted to provide, after reacting the thermite charge, a slag phase having a melting point between 1800 and 1200° C.
9. A method of sealing a well with a rock-to-rock cross-sectional well barrier, where the well comprises a downhole completion comprising at least a casing, wherein the method comprises:
installing a heat resistant bridge plug in an innermost casing at a location where the seal is to be formed,
placing a thermite charge carrying tool on top of the heat resistant bridge plug, wherein the thermite charge carrying tool comprises an inner chamber filled with a thermite reaction charge and an igniter, and
igniting the thermite reaction charge,
characterised in that:
the method further comprises applying a thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the thermite reaction charge is pressurised to an in-situ pressure of at least 5 MPa.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein, the in-situ pressure is at least 6 MPa.
11. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the in-situ pressure is obtained by, prior to ignition of the thermite reaction charge, injection of gas to the inner chamber of the thermite charge carrying tool.
12. The method according to claim 9 , wherein, the in-situ pressure is obtained by either:
injecting a gas into the inner chamber of the thermite charge carrying tool prior to ignition of the thermite reaction charge,
or:
pressing the thermite reaction charge in the inner chamber of the thermite charge carrying tool by a piston prior to ignition of the thermite reaction charge,
or:
using gas from the initial thermite reaction phase to increase the pressure.
13. A thermite charge carrying tool, where the thermite charge carrying tool comprises a cylindrically shaped container having
a bottom,
a side-wall,
a top,
a cylindrical inner chamber, and
a cable interface arranged on the top, and
an igniter adapted to ignite the thermite reaction charge, characterised in that the thermite charge carrying tool further comprises:
a thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 being arranged within the cylindrical inner chamber.
14. The thermite charge carrying tool according to claim 13 , wherein the thermite charge carrying tool further comprises a piston arranged within the cylindrical inner chamber adapted to press against the thermite reaction charge therein.
15. The thermite charge carrying tool according to claim 14 , wherein the piston is actuated by the ambient hydrostatic pressure in the well.
16. The thermite charge carrying tool according to claim 14 , wherein the thermite charge carrying tool further comprises one or more valves enabling injection of gas to the cylindrical inner chamber for obtaining and maintaining a pressure (p i ) within the cylindrical inner chamber of at least 5 MPa, and wherein the check and release valve is further adapted to open and release gas from the cylindrical inner chamber if the pressure (p) inside the cylindrical inner chamber becomes; p>p i +Δp, where Δp is 0.1 MPa.
17. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the thermite reaction charge is adapted to react at a reaction rate giving a reaction time of from 9 to 14 seconds.
18. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the thermite reaction charge is adapted to react at a reaction rate giving a reaction time of from 10 to 13 seconds.
19. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the a particle size of the bismuth oxide used to produce the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide is in a range of from 1 mm to 7 mm and a particle size of the aluminium used to produce the monolithic solid object of aluminium is in a range of from 1 mm to 7 mm.
20. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein a particle size of the bismuth oxide used to produce the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide is in a range of from 1 mm to 5 mm and a particle size of the aluminium used to produce the monolithic solid object of aluminium is in a range of from 1 mm to 5 mm.
21. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein a particle size of the bismuth oxide used to produce the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide is in a range of from 1 mm to 3 mm and a particle size of the aluminium used to produce the monolithic solid object of aluminium is in a range of from 1 mm to 3 mm.
22. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the thermite reaction charge comprises:
the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide, where:
the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide is pressed to a density in a range of from 70 to 80% of a theoretical maximum density of 8.9 g/cm 3 , and
the monolithic planar solid disc of bismuth oxide has a thickness of from 3 to 10 cm, and an outer diameter adapted to fit into an inner chamber of a thermite charge carrying tool, and
the fuel metal comprising the at least one monolithic solid object of aluminium.
23. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the fuel metal of the thermite reaction charge comprises Al with Ca, Mg and Si in an amount to give a fuel mixture of Al, Ca, Mg and Si containing from 5 to 32 wt % Mg and from 10 to 68 wt % CaSi 2 , based on a total weight of Al, Mg, Si and Ca present in the thermite charge.
24. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the fuel metal of the thermite reaction charge comprises Al with Ca, Mg and Si in an amount to give a fuel mixture of Al, Ca, Mg and Si containing from 10 to 32 wt % Mg and from 20 to 68 wt % CaSi 2 , based on a total weight of Al, Mg, Si and Ca present in the thermite charge.
25. The thermite reaction charge according to claim 1 , wherein the fuel metal of the thermite reaction charge comprises Al with Ca, Mg and Si in an amount to give a fuel mixture of Al, Ca, Mg and Si containing from 15 to 32 wt % Mg and from 30 to 68 wt % CaSi 2 , based on a total weight of Al, Mg, Si and Ca present in the thermite charge.