COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR MAKING LITHIUM-TRANSITION METAL OXIDE COMPOUNDS INCLUDING NIOBIUM

1 . A process for making lithium-transition metal oxide compounds, comprising:

forming a slurry by mixing a niobium compound comprising one or more of niobium ethoxide, niobium pentoxide, niobium dioxide, niobium monoxide, niobium chloride, niobium fluoride, ammonium niobium oxalate hydrate, or niobium oxalate, a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode powder or a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide cathode powder, and a solvent; and

removing the solvent from the slurry to form a modified lithium nickel manganese cobalt composition including niobium or a modified lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composition including niobium.

2 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the niobium compound is substantially free or devoid of lithium.

3 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode powder is characterized as LiNi x Co y Mn 1-x-y O 2 , wherein x is 0.8-1, y is 0-0.2, and 1-x-y is 0-0.2.

4 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide cathode powder is characterized as LiNi x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 , wherein x is 0.8-1, y is 0-0.2, and 1-x-y is 0-0.2.

5 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the modified lithium nickel manganese cobalt composition including niobium or a modified lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composition including niobium each comprise 0-5 wt. % niobium, or 0.001-5 wt. % niobium.

6 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the modified lithium nickel manganese cobalt composition including niobium is characterized by a first formula LiNi x Co y Mn z Nb w O 2 , wherein (x+y+z+w=1), and wherein x is 0.8-1.0, y is 0-0.2, z is −0.2, and w is 0-0.2, or a second formula Li w Nb 1-w Ni x Co y Mn 1-x-y O 2 , wherein x is 0.8-1, y is 0-0.2, w is 0-0.2, and 1-x-y is 0-0.2.

7 . (canceled)

8 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is one or more of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, or tetraethylene glycol ethanol.

9 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the modified lithium nickel manganese cobalt composition including niobium or modified lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composition including niobium comprise niobium in a molar ratio of 0.7% to 1.4%.

10 . The process of claim 1 , further comprising sintering the modified lithium nickel manganese cobalt composition including niobium or modified lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composition including niobium in an atmosphere comprising oxygen at a temperature of at least 400 degrees Celsius, at least 500 degrees Celsius, at least 600 degrees Celsius, at least 700 degrees Celsius, at least 800 degrees Celsius, a temperature between 400 degrees Celsius and 800 degrees Celsius, a temperature between 400 degrees Celsius and 500 degrees Celsius, a temperature between 500 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius, a temperature between 600 degrees Celsius and 700 degrees Celsius, or a temperature between 700 degrees Celsius and 800 degrees Celsius.

11 - 46 . (canceled)

47 . A cathode comprising:

a niobium coated and/or substituted lithium nickel manganese cobalt composition or a niobium coated and/or substituted lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composition, wherein niobium is present in a molar ratio of 0.01% to 5.0%.

48 . The cathode of claim 47 , wherein the cathode is formed of lithium-ion cathode material formed by a process sequence comprising: mixing a niobium compound comprising one or more of niobium ethoxide, niobium pentoxide, niobium dioxide, niobium monoxide, niobium chloride, niobium fluoride, ammonium niobium oxalate hydrate, or niobium oxalate, a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode powder or a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide cathode powder, and a solvent; and

removing the solvent to form a coated composition comprising a niobium containing coating disposed upon the lithium nickel manganese cobalt composition or the lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composition.

49 . The cathode of claim 48 , wherein the niobium compound is characterized as substantially lithium free or devoid of lithium.

50 . An electrochemical cell, comprising: a cathode of any-ee claim 47 .

51 . A method of altering a high-Ni NMC material high-Ni NCA material, comprising:

providing a high-Ni NMC substrate or high-Ni NCA substrate, wherein the high-Ni NMC substrate or high-Ni NCA substrate comprises one or more lithium residuals exposed on a top surface, and coating the top surface with niobium oxide in an amount sufficient to contact the niobium oxide and the one or more lithium residuals.

52 . The method of claim 51 , wherein coating further comprises:

mixing a niobium compound comprising one or more of niobium ethoxide, niobium pentoxide, niobium dioxide, niobium monoxide, niobium chloride, niobium fluoride, ammonium niobium oxalate hydrate, or niobium oxalate, a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode powder or a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide cathode powder, and a solvent; and

removing the solvent to form a coated high-Ni NMC substrate or coated high-Ni NCA substrate.

53 . The method of claim 52 , wherein the niobium compound is characterized as substantially free of lithium.

54 . The method of claim 52 , further comprising sintering at a low temperature for a duration sufficient to form Li x NbO y phases at the top surface.

55 . The method of claim 54 , wherein the low temperature is 300 to 600 degrees Celsius.

56 . The method of claim 52 , wherein the high-NMC material is a cathode, and wherein Li x NbO y phases at the top surface reduces 1 st -cycle capacity loss.

57 . The method of claim 52 , further comprising sintering at a high temperature for a duration sufficient to penetrate an Nb 5+ species into the substrate to provide improved cycling performance.

58 . The method of claim 57 , wherein the high temperature is 600 to 750 degrees Celsius.

59 - 66 . (canceled)