Multi-scale system for projection micro stereolithography
Fast 3D printing with high resolution is made possible by projecting light and an image from optical light engine comprises a micro display chip and a light source, through a projection lens of a multi-projection lens system onto printing material, e.g., a curable resin, wherein the multi-projection lens system comprises two or more projection lenses each with different imaging ratios wherein the image and light are projected through only one projection lens of the multi-projection lens system at a time.
1. A method for 3D printing, the method comprising:
generating, on a computer, a 3D digital model of a sample to be printed, slicing the 3D digital model into a sequence of images, wherein each image of the sequence of images represents a layer of the 3D digital model, and transferring a first image from the sequence of images from the computer to a micro display chip of an optical light engine comprising the micro display chip and a light source;
projecting the first image along with light from the optical light engine through a projection lens of a multi-projection lens complex onto a printing material; and
causing the printing material in bright areas of the first image as projected to be polymerized while dark areas of the first image as projected to remain liquid; wherein
the optical light engine comprises the micro display chip and the light source; and
the multi-projection lens complex comprises two or more projection lenses with different imaging ratios, wherein the first image and the light are projected through only one projection lens at a time.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the multi-projection lens complex is a dual-projection lens comprising two projection lenses with different imaging ratios, including a first projection lens having a higher resolution and a second projection lens having a lower resolution, wherein both projection lenses share a same focal plane.
3. The method according to claim 2 wherein optical shutters in front of the two projection lenses are used to switch image projection from the first projection lens to the second projection lens.
4. The method according to claim 2 wherein the first projection lens has a resolution of 2 μm and the second projection lens has a resolution of 10 μm.
5. The method according to claim 1 further comprising:
preparing the printing material to be polymerized by at least one of: membrane coating, free surface coating, spray coating, or hard window coating.
6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the micro display chip comprises a liquid crystal display or digital light processing panel.
7. The method according to claim 1 wherein each image of the sequence of images represents a 5 to 20 μm layer of the 3D digital model.
8. The method according to claim 1 wherein a membrane that is optically clear is positioned between the printing material and the multi-projection lens complex, wherein the membrane has a bottom surface on a side away from the multi-projection lens complex, which bottom surface contacts the printing material during exposure, and wherein the first image and the light from the light source of the optical light engine is projected through one of the two or more projection lenses of the multi-projection lens complex, onto the bottom surface of the membrane to cure a first layer of the printing material, and after the first layer of the printing material is cured, a substrate for holding the sample is moved away from the membrane thus separating the membrane from the sample, after which the sample is moved back toward the membrane and positioned at a distance away from the membrane equal to a thickness of a second layer of the printing material to be printed, during which positioning the membrane is flattened to define the second layer of printing material.
9. The method according to claim 3 further comprising analyzing the first image of a layer of the printing material to be printed to detect small features which are isolated by windows corresponding to the higher resolution, scanning and printing the layer of the printing material using the second projection lens, followed by alternating between the optical shutters, scanning in reverse and printing the small features, which were isolated, using the first projection lens.
10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the first image has a size exceeding a size of a single image exposure, the method further comprises: dividing the first image into multiple sections, and printing the sections so that shared edges of adjacent sections overlap by 5 μm to 30 μm and stitching the sections into a whole layer of the printing material.
11. The method according to claim 1 wherein motion in X, Y, and Z directions of a substrate for supporting a printing sample and-/-or of the multi-projection lens complex is controlled by three precision stages.
12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the first image has a size exceeding a size of a single image exposure, the method further comprises:
the substrate holding the printing sample is translated in an XY plane while the micro display chip and lens are fixed; and
translating the micro display chip and lens and holding the substrate fixed, or translating both the substrate and the micro display chip and lens.
13. The method according to claim 1 wherein the multi-projection lens complex is positioned between the optical light engine and a surface of a substrate for holding a sample, the optical light engine being part of a projection printing system, which system further comprises:
a vat holding printing material, wherein the substrate is disposed in the vat while the printing material is polymerized;
a high precision camera that monitors a printing surface; and
a laser displacement sensor integrated with the multi-projection lens complex, wherein the laser displacement sensor has an emission vector that is parallel to an optical axis of each projection lens, and which sensor is used to maintain a perpendicular relationship between the optical axis of each projection lens and the printing surface, wherein the printing surface is at least one of: a free printing surface, a membrane covered printing surface, or a hard window covered printing surface.
14. The method according to claim 13 wherein the laser displacement sensor is also used to precisely define a gap between two parallel surfaces of the projection printing system by positioning the parallel surfaces according to measurements of the laser displacement sensor.
15. The method according to claim 14 wherein the parallel surfaces comprise a membrane and the printing material.
16. The method according to claim 10 wherein least square fitting error curves based on measured data from printing samples are used to control motion of a substrate for supporting a printing sample and-/-or of the multi-projection lens complex in X and Y directions to compensate for mechanical tolerances of XY stages to ensure accuracy of stitching-printing is within desired specifications.
17. The method according to claim 13 wherein the method is repeated for each layer of the 3D digital model until an entirety of the 3D digital model is replicated from the printing material in the vat.
18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the printing material is a photo-curable resin.