Photothermal evaporator for a desalination system and method of manufacture
An interconnected open-pore 2.5D Cu/CuO foam-based photothermal evaporator capable of achieving a high evaporation rate of 4.1 kg m −2 h −1 under one sun illumination by exposing one end of the planar structure to air is disclosed. The micro-sized open-pore structure of Cu/CuO foam allows it to trap incident sunlight, and the densely distributed blade-like CuO nanostructures effectively scatter sunlight inside pores simultaneously. The inherent hydrophilicity of CuO and capillarity forces from the porous structure of Cu foam continuously supply sufficient water. Moreover, the doubled working sides of Cu/CuO foam enlarge the exposure area enabling efficient vapor diffusion. The feasible fabrication process and the combined structural features of Cu/CuO foam offer new insight into the future development of solar-driven evaporators in large-scale applications with practical durability.
1. A photothermal evaporator for use in a water desalination system, comprising:
a planar copper (Cu) foam having a first surface, a second surface opposing the first surface, a thickness therebetween, a first end, a second end, and an interconnected open-pore structure, the first end of the Cu foam positioned in a body of water, the second end positioned above the body of water, and the interconnected open-pore structure delivering water from the first end of the Cu foam to a second end of the Cu foam via capillary action;
and a copper oxide (CuO) layer formed on outer surfaces of the Cu foam and having a flat, tapered nanostructure, the nanostructure converting incident sunlight to heat, the Cu foam positioned such that the first surface receives the heat generated from the CuO layer and conducts the heat across the thickness of the CuO layer, thereby generating a vapor and diffusing the vapor through the first and second surface.
2. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , wherein the evaporator has a thickness of 2-4 mm.
3. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , wherein the evaporator has a thickness of 2 mm.
4. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , wherein the CuO layer has a solar absorptance of 0.99.
5. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , wherein the incident sunlight is reflected in the interconnected open-pore structure of the Cu foam to increase harvesting of the solar energy.
6. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , wherein the flat tapered nanostructure of the CuO layer scatters incident sunlight into the open-pore structure of the Cu foam.
7. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , wherein the evaporator has an oblique orientation relative to a surface of the body of water.
8. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , wherein the evaporator has an oblique orientation relative to a surface of the body of water at a tilt angle of 55°.
9. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , wherein the Cu foam is a pressed Cu foam.
10. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , further comprising a silica (SiO 2 ) layer formed on the CuO layer.
11. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , wherein the first end and the second end of Cu foam are disposed at opposite longitudinal ends of the Cu foam.
12. The photothermal evaporator of claim 1 , wherein the first surface and the second surface have a greater surface area than side walls of the Cu foam.