Adaptive FEM meshing for estimating internal temperature distributions within parts being manufactured via the powder bed fusion process
Estimation algorithms, methods, and systems are provided that estimate the internal temperatures inside of a part being built using a Finite Element Method (FEM)-based thermal model of Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) heat transfer. Closed-loop state estimation is applied to the problem of monitoring temperature fields within parts during the PBF build process. The PBF laser is very small, therefore, so too are the FEM elements nearby the laser. Thus, as the PBF laser moves, a region of high mesh density moves along with it as it progresses over a geometry. In an aspect, regions of high mesh density are predetermined for each time step according to a predefined schedule of laser movements.
1. A method of estimating the temperature distribution inside a part manufactured by powder bed fusion process, the method comprising:
discretizing the part geometry into finite units to convert a thermal transport model for the part geometry into a set of ordinary differential equations that describes heat transport between elements, the discretizing defining a set of variables that represent temperature at specific spatial locations, using the thermal transport model and thermal properties of the part material as functions in the set of ordinary differential equations;
estimating the values of the variable set using a Kalman filter, using the set of ordinary differential equations, information on heat applied, an estimate of a noise distribution of the process, a measurement of a temperature of the part during the process at specific locations, and an estimate of a noise distribution in the temperature measurement; and
pre-determining adaptive meshes for each time step according to a predefined schedule of laser movements of the power bed fusion process to move a region of high mesh density with the movements of the laser.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
storing time-varying parameters of the laser;
storing the temperature measurement by every pixel of an infrared (IR) camera that has a moving field of view centered on the laser; and
interpolating the temperature field stored on an adaptive mesh at time step k−1 onto the new mesh at time step k.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein each adaptive mesh has a target mesh density.
4. The method of claim 2 , further comprising adjusting relative interpolation weights for each node in the adaptive mesh.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using Model Predictive Control (MPC) to alter control inputs to the powder bed fusion process.
6. The method of claim 3 , further comprising mapping a reference temperature onto the adaptive mesh.
7. A system for estimating the temperature distribution inside a part manufactured by powder bed fusion, the system comprising:
a processing module configured to:
discretize the part geometry into finite units to convert a thermal transport model for the part geometry into a set of ordinary differential equations that describes heat transport between elements, the discretizing defining a set of variables that represent temperature at specific spatial locations, using the thermal transport model and thermal properties of the part material as functions in the set of ordinary differential equations;
estimate the values of the variable set using a Kalman filter, using the set of ordinary differential equations, information on heat applied, an estimate of a noise distribution of the process, a measurement of a temperature of the part during the process at specific locations, and an estimate of a noise distribution in the temperature measurement; and
pre-determine adaptive meshes for each time step according to a predefined schedule of laser movements of the power bed fusion process to move a region of high mesh density with the movements of the laser.
8. The system of claim 7 , the processing module further configured to:
store time-varying parameters of the laser;
store the temperature measurement by every pixel of an infrared (IR) camera that has a move field of view centered on the laser; and
interpolate the temperature field stored on an adaptive mesh at time step k−1 onto the new mesh at time step k.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein each adaptive mesh has a target mesh density.
10. The system of claim 8 , the processing module further configured to adjust relative interpolation weights for each node in the adaptive mesh.
11. The system of claim 7 , the processing module further configured to using Model Predictive Control (MPC) to alter control inputs to the powder bed fusion process.
12. The system of claim 9 , the processing module further configured to map a reference temperature onto the adaptive mesh.