Apparatus for measuring properties of particles in a solution and related methods

1. A system for analyzing red blood cells in a patient blood sample conveyed through a microchannel, comprising:

a power supply configured to generate a reference signal;

a sensor circuit coupled to the power supply and including a first resistor and a second resistor, wherein the sensor circuit is couplable to a first electrode and a second electrode that are coupled to the microchannel and on opposite sides of a common electrode to define (1) a first detection region on the microchannel between the first electrode and the common electrode and (2) a second detection region on the microchannel between the second electrode and the common electrode, wherein the sensor circuit is configured to:

send the reference signal in parallel through (1) the first resistor and the first electrode and (2) the second resistor and the second electrode, and

determine a first voltage pattern across the first resistor and a second voltage pattern across the second resistor during the conveyance of the patient blood sample through the micro-channel, wherein (1) the first voltage pattern represents the reference signal traversing across the first resistor and the first detection region and (2) the second voltage pattern represents the reference signal traversing across the second resistor and the second detection region; and

a measurement circuit coupled to the sensor circuit and configured to:

calculate a speed of a red blood cell moving through the microchannel, wherein the calculated speed represents a rigidity of the red blood cell moving through the microchannel having one or more dimensions less than a corresponding average dimension of the red blood cell,

determine a glycation level for the red blood cell according to the calculated speed,

measure a difference between the first and second voltage patterns, wherein the difference represents the red blood cell successively passing through the first and the second detection regions, and

identify the red blood cell passing through the microchannel based on the difference.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein:

the reference signal is an oscillating signal; and

the difference represents a phase change occurring in the reference signal communicated through the first resistor, the second resistor, or both representative of the red blood cell reaching the first detection region, the second detection region, or both.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the measurement circuit is configured to:

measure an amplitude of the difference; and

calculate a size of the red blood cell based on the amplitude.

4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the measurement unit circuit is configured to:

measure a wavelength of the difference; and

determine a physical trait of the red blood cell based on the speed.

5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the measurement circuit is configured to measure the difference based on:

generating an output signal that represents the difference between the first and second voltage patterns;

preprocessing the output signal by (1) amplifying the output signal according to a predetermined DC voltage level, the reference signal, or a combination thereof, and (2) removing a predetermined frequency component corresponding to a frequency of the reference signal; and

determining the phase change based on one or more peak levels or a pattern thereof in a preprocessing result of the output signal.

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the measurement circuit is configured to determine the phase change based on identifying on the output signal a sequential set of a peak and a minimum that have matching amplitudes.

7. The system of claim 2 , wherein the power supply includes:

a function generator configured to generate an initial oscillating signal based on a constant voltage level; and

a signal converting unit configured to generate the reference signal based on (1) amplifying the initial oscillating signal, (2) offsetting a Direct Current (DC) voltage component of the initial oscillating signal, or (3) both.

8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the signal converting unit is configured to generate the oscillating signal as a sinusoidal signal oscillating about OV with a predetermined frequency and a predetermined amplitude.

9. A method of analyzing red blood cells in a patient blood sample conveyed through a microchannel, the method comprising:

generating a reference signal;

initiating conveyance of the patient blood sample for transferring a red blood cell through the microchannel;

communicating the reference signal in parallel through a first resistor and a second resistor that are connected to each other at a common node, wherein the first and second resistors are respectively couplable to a first electrode and a second electrode that are coupled to the microchannel, and on opposite sides of a common electrode to define (1) a first detection region on the microchannel between the first electrode and the common electrode and (2) a second detection region on the microchannel between the second electrode and the common electrode;

determining a first voltage pattern across the first resistor and a second voltage pattern across the second resistor during the conveyance of the patient blood sample, wherein (1) the first voltage pattern represents the reference signal traversing across the first resistor and the first detection region and (2) the second voltage pattern represents the reference signal traversing across the second resistor and the second detection region;

calculating a speed of the red blood cell moving through the microchannel, wherein the calculated speed represents a rigidity of the red blood cell moving through the microchannel having one or more dimensions less than a corresponding average dimension of the red blood cell;

determining a glycation level for the red blood cell according to the calculated speed;

measuring a difference between the first and second voltage patterns, wherein the difference represents the red blood cell successively passing through the first and the second detection regions; and

identifying the red blood cell passing through the microchannel based on the difference.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein:

generating the reference signal includes generating an oscillating signal; and

measuring the difference includes detecting a phase difference in the reference signal communicated through the first and second resistors, wherein the phase difference represents the red blood cell traversing across the first detection region and then the second detection region.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein detecting the phase difference includes:

generating an output signal that represents the difference between the first and second voltage patterns; and

detecting the phase difference based on identifying on the output signal a sequential set of a peak and a minimum that have matching amplitudes.

12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising:

measuring an amplitude of the difference; and

calculating a size of the red blood cell.

13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising:

measuring a wavelength of the difference; and

determining a-the rigidity of the particle red blood cell based on the speed.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein measuring the difference includes:

generating an output signal that represents the difference between the first and second voltage patterns;

preprocessing the output signal by (1) amplifying the output signal according to a predetermined DC voltage level, the reference signal, or a combination thereof, and (2) removing a predetermined frequency component corresponding to a frequency of the reference signal; and

determining the phase difference based on one or more peak levels or a pattern thereof in a preprocessing result of the output signal.

15. The method of claim 10 , wherein generating the reference signal includes:

receiving a constant voltage level;

generating an initial oscillating signal based on converting the constant voltage level according to a predetermined frequency; and

generating the reference signal based on (1) amplifying the initial oscillating signal, (2) offsetting a Direct Current (DC) voltage component of the initial oscillating signal, or (3) both, wherein the generated reference signal is a sinusoidal signal oscillating about OV according to the predetermined frequency and a predetermined amplitude.

16. A system for analyzing red blood cells in a patient blood sample conveyed through a microchannel, comprising:

a power supply configured to generate a reference signal;

a sensor circuit coupled to the power supply and including a first resistor and a second resistor, wherein the sensor circuit is couplable to a first electrode and a second electrode that are coupled to the microchannel and on opposite sides of a common electrode to define (1) a first detection region on the microchannel between the first electrode and the common electrode and (2) a second detection region on the microchannel between the second electrode and the common electrode, wherein the sensor circuit is configured to:

send the reference signal in parallel through (1) the first resistor and the first electrode and (2) the second resistor and the second electrode; and

a measurement circuit coupled to the sensor circuit and configured to:

calculate a time of a red blood cell moving through the first and second detection regions, wherein the calculated time represents a rigidity of the red blood cell moving through the microchannel that has one or more dimensions less than a corresponding average dimension of the red blood cell, and

determine a glycation level for the red blood cell according to the calculated time.

17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the measurement unit is further configured to:

measure a difference between first and second voltage patterns, wherein (1) the first voltage pattern represents the reference signal traversing across the first resistor and the first detection region, (2) the second voltage pattern represents the reference signal traversing across the second resistor and the second detection region, and (3) the difference represents the red blood cell successively passing through the first and the second detection regions, and

identify the red blood cell passing through the microchannel based on the difference.

18. The system of claim 17 , wherein:

the reference signal is an oscillating signal, and the difference represents a phase change occurring in the reference signal communicated through the first resistor, the second resistor, or both representative of the red blood cell reaching the first detection region, the second detection region, or both.

19. The system of claim 17 , wherein the measurement circuit is further configured to:

measure an amplitude of the difference; and

calculate a size of the red blood cell based on the amplitude.