Liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor comprising a passive decay heat removal system having thermal insulation attached to a wall of a cold source reservoir that holds a phase change material, where the insulation is arranged to automatically fall by gravity from the wall in response to the wall reaching a predetermined temperature
A liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor includes a passive decay heat removal system having thermal insulation attached to a wall of a cold source reservoir that holds a phase change material, where the insulation is arranged to automatically fall by gravity from the wall in response to the wall reaching a predetermined temperature. The nuclear reactor may be a fast neutron reactor that incorporates an integral system having a final cold source with a reservoir incorporating an integral exchanger divided into a plurality of parallel tubes between which a phase change material is inserted, the reservoir being surrounded by a thermal insulating layer that can be detached in a passive manner in the event of reaching a predetermined threshold temperature.
1 . A fast neutron nuclear reactor cooled by liquid metal, comprising:
a primary containment vessel filled with a liquid metal as a heat-exchange fluid of the primary circuit of the reactor;
a containment vessel sink located around the primary containment vessel and defining an inter-vessel space between the primary containment vessel and the containment vessel sink;
a closer slab to enclose the liquid metal inside the primary containment vessel;
a system for evacuation of both
at least some heat of the reactor during normal operation, and
decay heat of the reactor during an accident situation, the system including:
a closed circuit filled with a heat-exchange liquid, the closed circuit including:
a layer of a plurality of U-shape pipes located in the inter-vessel space and distributed around the primary containment vessel, each of the pipes extending along the primary containment vessel with a bottom of the U-shapes adjacent to a bottom of the primary containment vessel,
the closed circuit being configured so that the heat-exchange liquid circulates therein by natural convection, and
remains in the liquid state both
during normal operation of the reactor, and
during an accident situation releasing decay heat;
a cold collector,
the cold collector being connected to a cold branch of the U of each of the pipes, and
the cold collector being arranged outside and above the closer slab,
a hot collector,
the hot collector being connected to a hot branch of the U of each of the pipes, and
the hot collector being arranged outside and above the closer slab,
at least one heat exchanger having one end connected to the cold collector and the other end connected to the hot collector,
a cold source including:
at least one reservoir located at a distance from the primary containment vessel and above the closer slab, the reservoir comprising an external wall, the reservoir containing the heat exchanger therein, the reservoir containing a phase change material capable of being in a solid state and in a liquid state, the phase change material being configured, during the exchange with the heat exchanger, to be in the solid state during normal operation of the nuclear reactor and to transition to the liquid state during an accident situation of the reactor in which decay heat is released;
a thermal insulating layer;
the thermal insulating layer being attached to the external wall of the reservoir via at least one attachment element, and
the at least one attachment element being configured to cause the thermal insulating layer to be automatically detached from the wall in response to the wall reaching a predetermined temperature, which allows the thermal insulating layer to fall by gravity from the external wall of the reservoir.
2 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 1 , the thermal insulating layer comprising a plurality of contiguous thermal insulating panels.
3 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 2 , comprising at least one attachment element for each of the thermal insulating panels.
4 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 3 , the external wall of the reservoir being made of a magnetic material, the at least one attachment element comprising at least one permanent magnet fixed to each thermal insulating panel, the at least one permanent magnet being magnetically attached to the external wall of the reservoir below a threshold temperature, the Curie temperature from which the magnet loses its magnetic properties being determined as a function of the predetermined temperature.
5 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 4 , the at least one permanent magnet being made of Fe—Ni alloy.
6 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 1 , the external wall of the reservoir comprising a plurality of fins covered by the thermal insulating layer when the thermal insulating layer is attached to the external wall of the reservoir.
7 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 6 , at least one of the plurality of fins being inserted in each of the thermal insulating panels.
8 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one active attachment element configured
to removably attach the thermal-insulating layer to the external wall of the reservoir, and
to be activated on a command by a user to detach the thermal-insulating layer from the external wall of the reservoir whatever the temperature of the external wall.
9 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 1 , the cold source comprising two separate reservoirs.
10 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 1 , the at least one heat exchanger being divided into multiple tubes arranged in parallel in each reservoir and surrounded by the phase change material.
11 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 1 , comprising a circulation loop including
at least one branch hydraulically connecting the cold collector to an end of a monotube heat exchanger.
12 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 1 , comprising at least one confinement building for confining each reservoir of the system for evacuation.
13 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 1 , the heat-exchange liquid of the closed circuit being a liquid metal chosen from a binary lead-bismuth alloy or a binary sodium-potassium alloy.
14 . The fast neutron nuclear reactor according to claim 1 , the phase change material being chosen from lead, cadmium, zinc or a zamak zinc alloy, tin and its alloys with lead, or a ternary Li-Na-K carbonate mixture.