Tunable rare earth metal-organic frameworks for complex optical tags
The invention provides a powerful design strategy towards next-generation, multiplexed, lifetime-encoded tags via engineering intermetallic energy transfer in heterometallic metal-organic frameworks based on nonanuclear metal clusters. Precise manipulation of the luminescence decay dynamics over a wide microsecond regime can be achieved owing to the control over metal ordering in these systems. As an example of the invention, a novel, dynamic double encoding method that uses the braille alphabet was achieved by incorporating the materials into photocurable inks patterned on glass and interrogated via digital high-speed imaging. The facile synthesis and interrogation of these heterometallic metal-organic frameworks having complex and tunable optical properties enables next-generation, multiplexed optical tags.
1. An optical tag comprising a rare earth metal-organic framework (REMOF), the REMOF comprising at least one high-energy donor rare earth and at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth, wherein the rare earths are arranged in nonanuclear heterometallic clusters interconnected by carboxylic acid-based linkers.
2. The optical tag of claim 1 , wherein the at least one high-energy donor rare earth comprises Eu, Tb, Pr, Sm, or Dy.
3. The optical tag of claim 1 , wherein the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth comprises Yb, Nd, or Er.
4. The optical tag of claim 1 , further comprising at least one optically inactive higher-energy rare earth that modulates the distance between the at least one high-energy donor rare earth and the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth, thereby modifying a luminescence lifetime of the at least one high-energy donor rare earth or the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth.
5. The optical tag of claim 4 , wherein the composition of the at least one high-energy donor rare earth, the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth, and the at least one optically inactive higher-energy rare earth are selected to provide a desired luminescence lifetime for the at least one high-energy donor rare earth or the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth.
6. The optical tag of claim 4 , wherein the at least one optically inactive higher-energy rare earth comprises Gd, La, or Y.
7. The optical tag of claim 1 , wherein the carboxylic acid-based linker comprises a di-, tri-, tetra-, or hexacarboxylic acid.
8. The optical tag of claim 7 , wherein the dicarboxylic acid-based linker comprises 4,4′-stilbenedicarboxylic acid, 2,2′-dinitro-4,4′-stilbenedicarboxylic acid, 2′2-diamino-4,4′-stilbenedicarboxylic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 4,4′-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid, or 1,4-napthalene dicarboxylic acid.
9. The optical tag of claim 7 , wherein the tricarboxylic acid comprises 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene, 4,4′,4″-5-Triazine-2,4,6-triyl-tribenzoic acid, or 1,3,5-tris(4′-carboxy [1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)benzene.
10. The optical tag of claim 7 , wherein the tetracarboxylic acid comprises 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene, or 1,3,6,8-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) pyrene.
11. The optical tag of claim 7 , wherein the hexacarboxylic acid linker comprises 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(4′-carboxylato(1,1′-biphenyl)-4-yl)benzene.
12. The optical tag of claim 1 , wherein the composition of the at least one high-energy donor rare earth and the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth are selected to provide a desired luminescence lifetime for the at least one high-energy donor rare earth or the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth.
13. A method to optically tag an object, comprising:
associating an optical tag, comprising a rare earth metal-organic framework (REMOF), the REMOF comprising at least one high-energy donor rare earth and at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth, wherein the rare earths are arranged in nonanuclear heterometallic clusters interconnected by carboxylic acid-based linkers, with the object; and
interrogating at least two encoding properties of the optical tag in order to authenticate the object.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least two encoding properties comprises an emission spectrum from at least one of the high-energy donor rare earth and/or an emission spectrum from at least one of the low-energy acceptor rare earth.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the step of interrogating comprises optically exciting either the at least one high-energy donor rare earth or the carboxylic acid-based linker and measuring an emission spectrum of the optical tag.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least two encoding properties comprises a luminescence lifetime from at least one of the high-energy donor rare earth and/or a luminescence lifetime of at least one of the low-energy acceptor rare earth.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the step of interrogating comprises optically exciting either the at least one high-energy donor rare earth or the carboxylic acid-based linker and measuring a luminescence lifetime of the optical tag.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the optical tag comprises an encoding pattern on the object.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the optical tag comprises a multiple-encoded dynamic tag having at least two different concentrations of the at least one high-energy donor rare earth and the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth at different spatial locations of the encoded pattern, wherein the at least two different concentrations have similar emission spectra but different luminescence lifetimes and wherein the interrogating step comprises measuring the intensity of emission of the encoded pattern at a specified time after pulsed excitation of the optical tag.
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein the optical tag further comprises at least one optically inactive higher-energy rare earth that modulates the distance between the at least one high-energy donor rare earth and the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth, thereby modifying a luminescence lifetime of the at least one high-energy donor rare earth or the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth.
21. The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least two encoding properties comprises a composition of the at least one high-energy donor rare earth and the at least one lower-energy acceptor rare earth of the optical tag.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the interrogating step comprises detecting the composition using X-ray fluorescence or energy dispersive spectroscopy.