Determination of relative position of an object

1. A method of determining a position and orientation of an object having a plurality of fiducials attached thereto, comprising the steps of:

forming images of the plurality of fiducials on a sensitive surface of a sensor;

determining a 2D location of each of the images of the plurality of fiducials on the sensitive surface;

associating each 2D location with a 3D position of the same fiducial in a first coordinate system of the object; and

determining a first position and a first orientation of the object with respect to the sensitive surface of the sensor based in part on the 2D locations and the 3D positions.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the sensor comprises a second coordinate system;

the sensitive surface has a second position and second orientation in the second coordinate system; and

the step of determining the first position and the first orientation of the object comprises determining a third position and a third orientation of the first coordinate system in the second coordinate system.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

at least one of the plurality of fiducials alternates between a first state and a second state; and

the step of determining the 2D location comprises determining the 2D position of the at least one of the plurality of fiducials while in the first state while the other fiducials are not in the first state.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein: each of the plurality of fiducials alternates sequentially in the first state while the remaining fiducials are in the second state; and the step of determining the 2D location comprises determining the 2D location of each fiducial while in the first state.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein:

the at least one of the plurality of fiducials emits light when in the first state and does not emit light when in the second state; and

the plurality of fiducials are sequentially and individually in the first state.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of fiducials emits light having at least one of a predetermined wavelength and a predetermined modulation frequency.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is one of an imaging detector and a position sensitive detector (PSD).

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the method is described by machine-readable instructions stored on a non-volatile memory.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the method is executed on a processor that is communicatively coupled to the memory after the instructions are loaded into the processor.

10. A system for determining a position and orientation of an object having a plurality of fiducials attached thereto, the system comprising: a processor configured to receive images of the plurality of fiducials; and a memory comprising instructions that, when loaded into the processor and executed, cause the processor to: receive from a camera system, images of a portion of the plurality of fiducials; determine a 2D location of each of the portion of the plurality of fiducials based in part on the received images; retrieve information comprising 3D positions of the portion of the plurality of fiducials in a first coordinate system of the object; associate each 2D location with the 3D position of the respective fiducial; and determine a first position and a first orientation of the object with respect to a sensitive surface of the sensor based in part on the 2D locations and the 3D positions.