Methods for tailoring the magnetic permeability of soft magnets, and soft magnets obtained therefrom
Some variations provide a method of tailoring the surface of a soft magnet, comprising: depositing an austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material on one or more first surface regions of a ferromagnetic receiver material; not depositing the austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material on one or more second surface regions of the ferromagnetic receiver material; laser melting the austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material into the first surface regions; and solidifying the molten austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material within the first surface regions, thereby selectively alloying the ferromagnetic receiver material in the first surface regions. Laser ablation may be utilized instead of laser melting. The first surface regions have a significantly higher magnetic permeability, following the selective alloying of the donor material, compared to the second surface regions. Soft magnets with surface-tailored magnetic permeability are provided by this technology, which is demonstrated using several examples. One commercial application is selectively alloyed soft magnets for a rotor in an electric motor.
1. A method of tailoring the surface of a soft magnetic material, said method comprising:
(a) providing a selected ferromagnetic receiver material having a first surface;
(b) providing a selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material;
(c) depositing said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material on one or more first surface regions of said ferromagnetic receiver material, wherein said first surface regions are regions within said first surface;
(d) not depositing said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material on one or more second surface regions of said ferromagnetic receiver material, wherein said second surface regions are regions within said first surface, and wherein said first surface regions and said second surface regions collectively form a selective pattern on said first surface;
(e) laser melting said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material into said one or more first surface regions, to form molten austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material; and
(f) solidifying said molten austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material, to form solid austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material that is situated within said one or more first surface regions of said selective pattern, thereby selectively alloying said ferromagnetic receiver material in said one or more first surface regions,
wherein said one or more first surface regions are characterized by a first average magnetic permeability,
wherein said one or more second surface regions are characterized by a second average magnetic permeability, and
wherein said first average magnetic permeability is higher than said second average magnetic permeability.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said method does not employ a mask.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said method does not employ a chemical treatment.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material is deposited in step (c) as powder particles.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material is deposited in step (c) as a film, foil, or mesh.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said selected ferromagnetic receiver material is selected from the group consisting of FeSi, FeNi, FeCo, NiCo, FeSiAl, and combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Mn, Co, Cr, Si, Mo, Nb, Ti, Mg, Cu, Al, N, C, B, and combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step (c), said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material is deposited on said one or more first surface regions using slurry coating, laser cladding, electron beam cladding, electroplating, electroless plating, wire arc deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, thermal spraying, plasma spraying, or a combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein following step (f), said one or more first surface regions have an average thickness from 1 micron to 3000 microns.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said average thickness is from 100 microns to 500 microns.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first average magnetic permeability is at least 90% higher than said second average magnetic permeability.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first average magnetic permeability is at least 99% higher than said second average magnetic permeability.
13. A method of tailoring the surface of a soft magnetic material, said method comprising:
(a) providing a selected ferromagnetic receiver material having a first surface;
(b) providing a selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material;
(c) depositing said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material on one or more first surface regions of said ferromagnetic receiver material, wherein said first surface regions are regions within said first surface;
(d) not depositing said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material on one or more second surface regions of said ferromagnetic receiver material, wherein said second surface regions are regions within said first surface, and wherein said first surface regions and said second surface regions collectively form a selective pattern on said first surface; and
(e) laser ablating said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material into said one or more first surface regions, to force said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material to penetrate into said one or more first surface regions of said selective pattern, thereby selectively alloying said ferromagnetic receiver material in said one or more first surface regions,
wherein said one or more first surface regions are characterized by a first average magnetic permeability,
wherein said one or more second surface regions are characterized by a second average magnetic permeability, and
wherein said first average magnetic permeability is higher than said second average magnetic permeability.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said method does not employ a mask or a chemical treatment.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material is deposited in step (c) as powder particles.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein said selected ferromagnetic receiver material is selected from the group consisting of FeSi, FeNi, FeCo, NiCo, FeSiAl, and combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Mn, Co, Cr, Si, Mo, Nb, Ti, Mg, Cu, Al, N, C, B, and combinations thereof.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein in step (c), said selected austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material is deposited on said one or more first surface regions using electrodeposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, thermal spraying, plasma spraying, or a combination thereof.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein said one or more first surface regions have an average thickness from 1 micron to 3000 microns.
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein said first average magnetic permeability is at least 90% higher than said second average magnetic permeability.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein steps (e) and (f) are conducted in the presence of an electromagnetic field.
22. The method of claim 13 , wherein step (e) is conducted in the presence of an electromagnetic field.