Organic electroluminescent devices
Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide an emissive layer, a first electrode layer, a plurality of nanoparticles and a material disposed between the first electrode layer and the plurality of nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the device may include a second electrode layer and a substrate, where the second electrode layer is disposed on the substrate, and the emissive layer is disposed on the second electrode layer. In some embodiments, a second electrode layer may be disposed on the substrate, the emissive layer may be disposed on the second electrode layer, the first electrode layer may be disposed on the emissive layer, a first dielectric layer of the material may be disposed on the first electrode layer, the plurality of nanoparticles may be disposed on the first dielectric layer, and a second dielectric layer may be disposed on the plurality of nanoparticles and the first dielectric layer.
1. A device comprising:
an inorganic emissive layer;
a first electrode layer; and
an outcoupling structure, and
a material disposed between the first electrode and the outcoupling structure,
wherein the first electrode layer is spaced from the inorganic emissive layer by a predetermined threshold distance that is a distance at which a total non-radiative decay rate constant is equal to a total radiative decay rate constant.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode layer is at least one selected from a group consisting of: a metal, a stack of metal films and dielectric layers, a plasmonic system, a hyperbolic metamaterial, and an optically active metamaterial.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic emissive layer comprises at least one from the group consisting of: GaAs, AlGaAs, GaAsP, AlGaInP, GaP, GaAsP, GaN, InGaN, ZnSe, SiC, Si3N4,Si, Ge, Sapphire, BN, ZnO, AlGaN, perovskites, and quantum confined systems.
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the quantum confined systems include a particle having a size of an exciton's Bohr radius.
5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the quantum confined systems include at least one selected from the group consisting of: mixed organic-inorganic perovskite materials, CsPbBr 3 , InP/ZnS, CuInS/ZnS, Si, Ge, C, and peptides.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode layer is comprised of at least one from the group consisting of: Ag, Al, Au, Ir, Pt, Ni, Cu, W, Ta, Fe, Cr, Mg, Ga, Rh, Ti, Ru, Pd, In, Bi, and Ca.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the outcoupling structure comprises a plurality of nanoparticles that are formed from at least one selected from the group consisting of: Ag particles, Al particles, Ag-Al alloys, Au particles, Au-Ag alloys, dielectric material, semiconductor materials, an alloy of metal, a mixture of dielectric materials, a stack of one or more materials, and a core of one type of material and that is coated with a shell of a different type of material.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the outcoupling structure comprises a plurality of nanoparticles that are colloidally-synthesized nanoparticles formed from a solution.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the outcoupling structure comprises a plurality of nanoparticles that are arranged in a periodic array.
10. The device of claim 9 , wherein the periodic array has a predetermined array pitch.
11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the outcoupling structure comprises a plurality of nanoparticles that are arranged in a non-periodic array.
12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the outcoupling structure comprises a plurality of nanoparticles, and
wherein a shape of the plurality of nanoparticles is at least one selected from the group consisting of: cubes, spheres, spheroids, cylindrical, parallelepiped, rod-shaped, star-shaped, pyramidal, and multi-faceted three-dimensional objects.
13. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode layer is patterned with nano- sized holes.
14. The device of claim 1 , wherein the outcoupling structure comprises a plurality of nanoparticles, and the device further comprises an adhesion layer disposed between the material and the plurality of nanoparticles.
15. The device of claim 1 , wherein the outcoupling structure comprises a plurality of nanoparticles, and wherein at least one of the plurality of nanoparticles includes an additional material to provide lateral conduction among the plurality of nanoparticles.
16. The device of claim 1 , wherein the outcoupling structure comprises a plurality of nanoparticles, and wherein the device further comprises at least one additional layer disposed on the plurality of nanoparticles.
17. The device of claim 16 , wherein the at least one additional layer encapsulates the device.
18. The device of claim 16 , wherein the at least one additional layer includes one or more emitter molecules.
19. The device of claim 16 , wherein the at least one additional layer has a refractive index between 1.01 and 5.
20. The device of claim 16 , wherein the at least one additional layer modifies a color or efficiency of an emission of the device.