Granted Patent B2

US 12,469,206 · App. 18/122,105 · Granted Nov 11, 2025

Inventor: Rostam King (Hertfordshire, GB)

Assignee: Imagination Technologies Limited

G06T15/06G06T15/005G06T2210/12G06T2210/21

Abstract

Claims (161)

1 . A method of determining, in a ray tracing system, whether a ray intersects a three-dimensional axis-aligned volume, wherein the volume is defined by a front-facing plane and a back-facing plane for each of the dimensions, u, ν and w, of the three-dimensional axis-aligned volume, wherein b min,u is a constant u component value of the front-facing plane for the u dimension, b max,u is a constant u component value of the back-facing plane for the u dimension, b min,ν is a constant ν component value of the front-facing plane for the ν dimension, b max,ν is a constant ν component value of the back-facing plane for the ν dimension, b min,w is a constant w component value of the front-facing plane for the w dimension, and b max,w is a constant w component value of the back-facing plane for the w dimension, the method comprising:

selectively reversing axes for components of the ray and the axis-aligned volume to provide that D u ≥0, D ν ≥0 and D w >0, wherein D u , D ν and D w are components of a ray direction vector, D, for the ray, wherein D w is the major component of the ray direction vector;

determining scaled ray components ρ u and ρ ν , wherein

ρ

u

=

D

u

D

w

⁢

and

⁢

ρ

v

=

D

v

D

w

,

determining a scaled minimum culling distance, t min,scaled , using a result of multiplying an unscaled minimum culling distance for the ray, t min,unscaled , by the magnitude of D w ;

determining a scaled maximum culling distance, t max,scaled , using a result of multiplying an unscaled maximum culling distance for the ray, t max,unscaled , by the magnitude of D w ;

determining cross-multiplication values of Aρ u b min,ν , Aρ u b min,u , Aρ u b max,u and Aρ ν b max,u , wherein A is a scalar value;

determining a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b min,w and (ii) Aρ ν b min,w ;

determining a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b max,w and (ii) Aρ ν b max,w ;

using the determined cross-multiplication values to:

identify which of the front-facing planes intersects the ray furthest along the ray; and

identify which of the back-facing planes intersects the ray least far along the ray;

determining whether the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane;

determining whether ρ − t max,scaled is no less than b − , wherein ρ − =ρ u and b − =b min,u if the front-facing plane for the u dimension is the identified front-facing plane, wherein ρ − =ρ ν and b − =b min,ν if the front-facing plane for the ν dimension is the identified front-facing plane, and wherein ρ − =1 and b − =b min,w if the front-facing plane for the w dimension is the identified front-facing plane;

determining whether ρ + t min,scaled is no greater than b + , wherein ρ + =ρ u and b + =b max,u if the back-facing plane for the u dimension is the identified back-facing plane, wherein ρ + =ρ ν and b + =b max,ν if the back-facing plane for the ν dimension is the identified back-facing plane, and wherein ρ + =1 and b + =b max,w if the back-facing plane for the w dimension is the identified back-facing plane; and

determining that the ray intersects the volume if all three of: (i) it is determined that the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane, (ii) it is determined that ρ − t max,scaled is no less than b − , and (iii) it is determined that ρ + t min,scaled is no greater than b + , otherwise determining that the ray misses the volume.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein A=1.

3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said determining whether the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane comprises determining that the identified front-facing plane of the volume and the identified back-facing plane of the volume are planes for the same dimension, and on that basis determining that the ray does intersect the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane.

4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said determining a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b min,w and (ii) Aρ ν b min,w comprises determining only one of: (i) Aρ u b min,w and (ii) Aρ ν b min,w ; and/or

wherein said determining a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b max,w and (ii) Aρ ν b max,w comprises determining only one of: (i) Aρ u b max,w and (ii) Aρ ν b max,w .

5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said using the determined cross-multiplication values to identify which of the front-facing planes intersects the ray furthest along the ray comprises:

determining whether Aρ ν b min,u is greater than Aρ u b min,ν to determine whether the ray intersects the front facing plane for the u dimension at a position that is further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the front facing plane for the ν dimension;

wherein if Aρ ν b min,u is greater than Aρ u b min,ν then:

said determining a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b min,w and (ii) Aρ ν b min,w comprises determining a cross-multiplication value of Aρ ν b min,w ; and

the method further comprises:

determining whether Aρ ν b min,w is greater than Ab min,u to determine whether the ray intersects the front facing plane for the w dimension at a position that is further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the front-facing plane for the u dimension, and

using the result of the determination of whether Aρ u b min,w is greater than Ab min,u to identify which of the front-facing planes intersects the ray furthest along the ray;

wherein if Aρ ν b min,ν is greater than Aρ ν b min,u then:

said determining a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b min,w and (ii) Aρ ν b min,w comprises determining a cross-multiplication value of Aρ ν b min,w ; and

the method further comprises:

determining whether Aρ ν b min,w is greater than Ab min,ν to determine whether the ray intersects the front facing plane for the w dimension at a position that is further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the front-facing plane for the ν dimension, and

using the result of the determination of whether Aρ ν b min,w is greater than Ab min,ν to identify which of the front-facing planes intersects the ray furthest along the ray.

6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said using the determined cross-multiplication values to identify which of the back-facing planes intersects the ray least far along the ray comprises:

determining whether Aρ ν b max,u is less than Aρ u b max,ν to determine whether the ray intersects the back-facing plane for the u dimension at a position that is less far along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the back-facing plane for the ν dimension;

wherein if Aρ ν b max,u is less than Aρ ν b max,ν then:

said determining a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b max,w and (ii) Aρ u b max,w comprises determining a cross-multiplication value of Aρ u b max,w ; and

the method further comprises:

determining whether Aρ u b max,w is less than Ab max,u to determine whether the ray intersects the back-facing plane for the w dimension at a position that is less far along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the back-facing plane for the u dimension, and

using the result of the determination of whether Aρ u b max,w is less than Ab max,u to identify which of the back-facing planes intersects the ray least far along the ray;

wherein if Aρ u b max,ν is less than Aρ ν b max,u then:

said determining a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b max,w and (ii) Aρ u b max,w comprises determining a cross-multiplication value of Aρ ν b max,w ; and

the method further comprises:

determining whether Aρ ν b max,w is less than Ab max,ν to determine whether the ray intersects the back-facing plane for the w dimension at a position that is less far along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the back-facing plane for the ν dimension, and

using the result of the determination of whether Aρ ν b max,w is less than Ab max,ν to identify which of the back-facing planes intersects the ray least far along the ray.

7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said determining whether the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane comprises determining whether Aρ − b + is greater than Aρ + b − ;

wherein ρ − =ρ u and b − =b min,u if the front-facing plane for the u dimension is the identified front-facing plane which intersects the ray furthest along the ray, wherein ρ − =ρ ν and b − =b min,ν if the front-facing plane for the ν dimension is the identified front-facing plane which intersects the ray furthest along the ray, and wherein ρ − =1 and b − =b min,w if the front-facing plane for the w dimension is the identified front-facing plane which intersects the ray furthest along the ray; and

wherein ρ + =ρ u and b + =b max,u if the back-facing plane for the x dimension is the identified back-facing plane which intersects the ray least far along the ray, wherein ρ + =ρ ν and b + =b max,ν if the back-facing plane for the ν dimension is the identified back-facing plane which intersects the ray least far along the ray, and wherein ρ + =1 and b + =b max,w if the back-facing plane for the w dimension is the identified back-facing plane which intersects the ray least far along the ray.

8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said determining a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b min,w and (ii) Aρ ν b min,w comprises only determining each of the cross-multiplication values Aρ u b min,w and Aρ ν b min,w if it is to be used in one or both of: (a) said using the determined cross-multiplication values to identify which of the front-facing planes intersects the ray furthest along the ray, and (b) said determining whether the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane; and/or

wherein said determining a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b max,w and (ii) Aρ u b max,w comprises only determining each of the cross-multiplication values Aρ ν b max,w and Aρ u b max,w if it is to be used in one or both of: (a) said using the determined cross-multiplication values to identify which of the back-facing planes intersects the ray least far along the ray, and (b) said determining whether the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane.

9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said steps of: (i) determining whether the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane, (ii) determining whether ρ − t max,scaled is no less than b − , and (iii) determining whether ρ + t max,scaled is no greater than b + , are performed in parallel.

10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein, in addition to the determined cross-multiplication values of Aρ u b min,ν , Aρ ν b min,u , Aρ u b max,ν and Aρ ν b max,u , at most two further products are determined for performing said steps of: (i) determining whether the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane, (ii) determining whether ρ − t max,scaled is no less than b − , and (iii) determining whether ρ + t min,scaled is no greater than b + ;

wherein a first of said two further products is: (i) a value of Aρ + b + when ρ + =1, or (ii) a value of ρ + t min,scaled when ρ + ≠1; and

wherein a second of said two further products is: (i) a value of Aρ + b − when ρ − =1, or (ii) a value of ρ − t max,scaled when ρ − ≠1.

11 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising subtracting respective components of an origin of the ray from respective components defining the positions of the front-facing planes and the back-facing planes of the volume to thereby determine the values of b min,u , b max,u , b min,ν , b max,ν , b min,w and b max,w .

12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the ray direction vector is defined with components D x , D y and D z in a space-coordinate system, and wherein the method further comprises selectively permuting the x, y and z components of the ray and the components of the volume to determine how the x, y and z components of the space-coordinate system map onto the u, v and w dimensions, to thereby ensure that D w ≥D u ≥0 and D w ≥D ν ≥0.

13 . The method of claim 12 , further comprising:

if t min,scaled ≥0 and t max,scaled ≥0, determining whether b max,u ≥0, b max,ν ≥0 and b max,w ≥0, and performing said determinations of cross-multiplication values in response to determining that b max,u ≥0, b max,ν ≥0 and b max,u ≥0, wherein if any of b max,u , b max,ν and b max,w are less than zero then it is determined that the ray misses the volume without performing said determinations of cross-multiplication values;

if t min,scaled ≤0 and t max,scaled ≤0, determining whether b min,u ≤0, b min,ν ≤0 and b min,w ≤0, and performing said determinations of cross-multiplication values in response to determining that b min,u ≥0, b min,ν ≥0 and b min,w ≥0, wherein if any of b min,u , b min,ν and b min,w are greater than zero then it is determined that the ray misses the volume without performing said determinations of cross-multiplication values;

if t min,scaled ≤0 and t max,scaled ≥0, determining whether either: (i) b min,u =0, b min,ν ≤0 and b min,w ≤0, or (ii) b max,u ≥0, b max,ν ≥0 and b max,w ≥0, and performing said determinations of cross-multiplication values in response to determining that either: (i) b min,u ≤0, b min,ν ≤0 and b min,w ≤0, or (ii) b max,u ≥0, b max,ν ≥0 and b max,w ≥0, wherein if both: (i) any of b min,u , b min,ν and b min,w are greater than zero, and (ii) any of b max,u , b max,ν and b max,w are less than zero, then it is determined that the ray misses the volume without performing said determinations of cross-multiplication values; and/or

If t min,scaled ≥0 and t max,scaled ≤0, determining that the ray misses the volume without performing said determinations of cross-multiplication values.

14 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

if the magnitude of any of the b min,u , b max,ν , b min,ν , b max,ν , b min,w , b max,w , ρ u or ρ ν values is zero then setting the magnitude of that value to be equal to a non-zero substitute value which is small enough that it would behave like zero in an operation in which two of said cross-multiplication values are determined and compared.

15 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising outputting an indication of a result of the determination of whether the ray intersects the axis-aligned volume, wherein the outputted indication is used in the ray tracing system for rendering an image of a 3D scene.

16 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising expanding an effective size of the volume to ensure that the method is conservative with respect to rounding errors that can be introduced during intersection testing of the ray with the volume.

17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the axis-aligned volume is an axis-aligned bounding box which bounds geometry to be rendered, and wherein the axis-aligned box corresponds to a node of a hierarchical acceleration structure to be used for performing intersection testing in the ray tracing system, wherein the ray tracing system is configured to perform a polygon intersection testing process for a ray in respect of geometry bounded by a leaf node of the hierarchical acceleration structure which the ray is determined to intersect, wherein the polygon intersection testing process determines whether the ray intersects one or more polygons defining the geometry, and wherein the method further comprises expanding an effective size of the box to ensure that the method is conservative with respect to rounding errors that can be introduced during intersection testing of the ray with the box and with respect to rounding errors that can be introduced in the polygon intersection testing process.

18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a third scaled ray component is

ρ

w

=

D

w

D

w

=

1

,

and wherein ρ − =ρ w =1 and ρ + =ρ w =1.

19 . An intersection testing module for use in a ray tracing system, configured to determine whether a ray intersects a three-dimensional axis-aligned volume, wherein the volume is defined by a front-facing plane and a back-facing plane for each of the dimensions, w, ν and w, of the three-dimensional axis-aligned volume, wherein b min,u is a constant u component value of the front-facing plane for the u dimension, b max,u is a constant u component value of the back-facing plane for the u dimension, b min,ν is a constant ν component value of the front-facing plane for the ν dimension, b max,ν is a constant ν component value of the back-facing plane for the ν dimension, b min,w is a constant w component value of the front-facing plane for the w dimension, and b max,w is a constant w component value of the back-facing plane for the w dimension, the intersection testing module being configured to:

selectively reverse axes for components of the ray and the axis-aligned volume to provide that D u ≥0, D ν ≥0 and D w >0, wherein D u , D ν , and D w are components of a ray direction vector, D, for the ray, wherein D w is the major component of the ray direction vector;

determine scaled ray components ρ u , and ρ ν , wherein

ρ

u

=

D

u

D

w

⁢

and

⁢

ρ

v

=

D

v

D

w

,

,

determine a scaled minimum culling distance, t min,scaled , using a result of multiplying an unscaled minimum culling distance for the ray, t min,unscaled , by the magnitude of D w ;

determine a scaled maximum culling distance, t max,scaled , using a result of multiplying an unscaled maximum culling distance for the ray, t max,unscaled , by the magnitude of D w ;

determine cross-multiplication values of Aρ u b min,ν , Aρ ν b min,u , Aρ u b max,ν and Aρ ν b max,u , wherein A is a scalar value;

determine a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b min,w and (ii) Aρ ν b min,w ;

determine a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b max,w and (ii) Aρ ν b max,w ;

use the determined cross-multiplication values to:

identify which of the front-facing planes intersects the ray furthest along the ray; and

identify which of the back-facing planes intersects the ray least far along the ray;

determine whether the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane;

determine whether ρ − t max,scaled is no less than b − , wherein ρ − =ρ u and b − =b min,u if the front-facing plane for the u dimension is the identified front-facing plane, wherein ρ − =ρ ν and b − =b min,ν if the front-facing plane for the ν dimension is the identified front-facing plane, and wherein ρ − =1 and b + =b min,w if the front-facing plane for the w dimension is the identified front-facing plane;

determine whether ρ + t min,scaled is no greater than b + , wherein ρ + =ρ u and b + =b max,ν if the back-facing plane for the u dimension is the identified back-facing plane, wherein ρ + =ρ ν and b + =b max,ν if the back-facing plane for the ν dimension is the identified back-facing plane, and wherein ρ + =1 and b + =b max,w if the back-facing plane for the w dimension is the identified back-facing plane; and

determine that the ray intersects the volume if all three of: (i) it is determined that the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane, (ii) it is determined that ρ − t max,scaled is no less than b − , and (iii) it is determined that ρ + t min,scaled is no greater than b + , otherwise determine that the ray misses the volume.

20 . A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon an integrated circuit definition dataset that, when processed in an integrated circuit manufacturing system, configures the integrated circuit manufacturing system to manufacture an intersection testing module for use in a ray tracing system, the intersection testing module being configured to determine whether a ray intersects a three-dimensional axis-aligned volume, wherein the volume is defined by a front-facing plane and a back-facing plane for each of the dimensions, w, ν and w, of the three-dimensional axis-aligned volume, wherein b min,u is a constant u component value of the front-facing plane for the u dimension, b max,u is a constant u component value of the back-facing plane for the u dimension, b min,ν is a constant ν component value of the front-facing plane for the ν dimension, b max,ν is a constant ν component value of the back-facing plane for the ν dimension, b min,w is a constant w component value of the front-facing plane for the w dimension, and b max,w is a constant w component value of the back-facing plane for the w dimension, the intersection testing module being configured to:

selectively reverse axes for components of the ray and the axis-aligned volume to provide that D u ≥0, D ν ≥0 and D w >0, wherein D u , D ν , and D w are components of a ray direction vector, D, for the ray, wherein D w is the major component of the ray direction vector;

determine scaled ray components ρ u , and ρ ν , wherein

ρ

u

=

D

u

D

w

⁢

and

⁢

ρ

v

=

D

v

D

w

,

determine a scaled minimum culling distance, t min,scaled , using a result of multiplying an unscaled minimum culling distance for the ray, t min,unscaled , by the magnitude of D w ;

determine a scaled maximum culling distance, t max,scaled , using a result of multiplying an unscaled maximum culling distance for the ray, t max,unscaled , by the magnitude of D w ;

determine cross-multiplication values of Aρ u b min,ν , Aρ ν b min,u , Aρ u b max,ν and Aρ ν b max,u , wherein A is a scalar value;

determine a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b min,w and (ii) Aρ ν b min,w ;

determine a cross-multiplication value of one or both of: (i) Aρ u b max,w and (ii) Aρ ν b max,w ;

use the determined cross-multiplication values to:

identify which of the front-facing planes intersects the ray furthest along the ray; and

identify which of the back-facing planes intersects the ray least far along the ray;

determine whether the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane;

determine whether ρ − t max,scaled is no less than b − , wherein ρ − =ρ u and b − =b min,u if the front-facing plane for the u dimension is the identified front-facing plane, wherein ρ − =ρ ν and b − =b min,ν if the front-facing plane for the ν dimension is the identified front-facing plane, and wherein ρ − =1 and b + =b min,w if the front-facing plane for the w dimension is the identified front-facing plane;

determine whether ρ + t min,scaled is no greater than b + , wherein ρ + =ρ u and b + =b max,u if the back-facing plane for the u dimension is the identified back-facing plane, wherein ρ + =ρ ν and b + =b max,ν if the back-facing plane for the ν dimension is the identified back-facing plane, and wherein ρ + =1 and b + =b max,w if the back-facing plane for the w dimension is the identified back-facing plane; and

determine that the ray intersects the volume if all three of: (i) it is determined that the ray intersects the identified front-facing plane of the volume at a position that is no further along the ray than the position at which the ray intersects the identified back-facing plane, (ii) it is determined that ρ − t max,scaled is no less than b − , and (iii) it is determined that ρ + t min,scaled is no greater than b + , otherwise determine that the ray misses the volume.

Assignments (1)

Priority Claims (1)

Continuity (2)

References Cited (48)