Systems and methods for processing ammonia
The present disclosure provides methods for fabricating catalysts for ammonia decomposition. The method may comprise (a) subjecting a catalyst support to one or more physical or chemical processes to optimize one or more pores, morphologies, and/or surface chemistry or property of the catalyst support; (b) depositing a composite support material on the catalyst support, wherein the composite support material comprises a morphology or surface chemistry or property; and (c) depositing one or more active metals on at least one of the composite support material and the catalyst support, wherein the one or more active metals comprise one or more nanoparticles configured to conform to the morphology of the composite support material and/or catalyst support material, thereby optimizing one or more active sites on the nanoparticles for ammonia processing.
1. A method of ammonia decomposition comprising:
contacting a catalyst with ammonia at a temperature ranging from about 300° C. to about 600° C. to generate hydrogen and nitrogen at an ammonia conversion efficiency from about 70% to about 99%, wherein the catalyst comprises:
a support comprising zirconium and oxygen;
a layer adjacent to the support, wherein the layer comprises Zr a O b doped with cerium (Ce) and oxygen (O), wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are numbers greater than zero, and wherein ‘a’ is less than ‘b’, wherein a molar ratio of Ce to Zr in the layer ranges from about 1:25 to 1:5, wherein the layer comprises an amorphous structure, a monoclinic structure, or a tetragonal network structure of (Zr:Ce)O 2 ;
wherein the layer comprises Ce 3+ ions and Ce 4+ ions, wherein a ratio of the Ce 3+ ions to the Ce 4+ ions ranges from about 0.3:1 to about 0.9:1; and
one or more active metal particles adjacent to the layer, wherein the one or more active metal particles are selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ni, Rh, Ir, Co, Fe, Pt, Cr, Mo, Pd, and Cu, wherein a concentration of the active metal particles ranges from 0.5 wt % to 10 wt %.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ammonia conversion efficiency is greater than about 90% and the temperature is at least about 500° C.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising directing at least part of the hydrogen to one or more fuel cells to generate electricity.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the one or more fuel cells comprise a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell, or a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of the Ce 3+ ions to the Ce 4+ ions ranges from about 0.4:1 to about 0.8:1.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the support further comprises one or more promoters.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein a molar ratio of the one or more promoters to Ce in the support ranges from about 0.1:1 to about 3:1.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more promoters are selected from the group consisting of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the one or more promoters are co-impregnated with the Ce.
10. The catalyst of claim 8 , wherein the one or more promoters are selected from the group consisting of K, Cs and Rb.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more active metal particles are Ru, and wherein the concentration of Ru is at most about 3 wt %.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layer comprises ZrO 2 , and wherein the ZrO 2 comprises beads or pellets; wherein the beads or the pellets comprise (i) a diameter ranging from about 0.1 millimeters (mm) to about 10 mm or (ii) a surface area per unit mass ranging from about 50 m 2 /g to about 500 m 2 /g.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is in thermal communication with a combustion heater or electrical heater.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of heating the catalyst using at least one of an electrical heater or a combustion heater.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the step of heating the catalyst uses the combustion heater in an autothermal heating process.