Processes and systems for reforming of methane and light hydrocarbons to liquid hydrocarbon fuels
Processes for converting methane and/or other hydrocarbons to synthesis gas (i.e., a gaseous mixture comprising H 2 and CO) are disclosed, in which at least a portion of the hydrocarbon(s) is reacted with CO 2 . At least a second portion of the methane may be reacted with H 2 O (steam), thereby improving overall thermodynamics of the process, in terms of reducing endothermicity (ΔH) and the required energy input, compared to “pure” dry reforming in which no H 2 O is present. Such dry reforming (reaction with CO 2 only) or CO 2 -steam reforming (reaction with both CO 2 and steam) processes are advantageously integrated with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to yield liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Further integration may involve the use of a downstream finishing stage involving hydroisomerization to remove FT wax. Yet other integration options involve the use of combined CO 2 -steam reforming and FT synthesis stages (optionally with finishing) for producing liquid fuels from gas streams generated in a number of possible processes, including the hydropyrolysis of biomass.
1. A process for producing C 4 + hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
(a) in a reforming stage, contacting a gaseous mixture comprising methane and an oxidant with a reforming catalyst to produce a synthesis gas product;
(b) converting, in a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor, H 2 and CO in the synthesis gas product to hydrocarbons, including the C 4 + hydrocarbons, provided in an FT product of the FT reactor; and
(c) feeding the FT product, including the C 4 + hydrocarbons, to a finishing reactor to convert at least about 75% of normal C 20 + hydrocarbons in a wax fraction of the FT product to C 4 -C 19 hydrocarbons,
wherein the reforming catalyst comprises Pt in an amount from 0.05% to 5% by weight of the catalyst, on a solid support comprising cerium oxide in an amount of at least 80% by weight of the solid support.
2. A process for producing C 4 + hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
(a) in a reforming stage, contacting a gaseous mixture comprising methane and an oxidant with a reforming catalyst to produce a synthesis gas product;
(b) converting, in a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor, H 2 and CO in the synthesis gas product to hydrocarbons, including the C 4 + hydrocarbons, provided in an FT product of the FT reactor; and
(c) contacting a finishing feed, comprising all or a portion of the FT product, with a dewaxing catalyst in a finishing reactor to convert normal C 20 + hydrocarbons in a wax fraction of the FT product to C 4 -C 19 hydrocarbons by hydroisomerization and/or hydrocracking reactions;
wherein the hydroisomerization and/or hydrocracking reactions consume hydrogen that is unconverted in the FT reactor and present in the finishing feed, and
wherein no supplemental hydrogen source is added to the finishing reactor.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the hydrogen that is unconverted in the FT reactor, is present in the finishing feed at a concentration of at least about 20 mol-%.
4. A process for producing C 4 + hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
(a) in a reforming stage, contacting a gaseous mixture comprising methane and an oxidant with a reforming catalyst to produce a synthesis gas product;
(b) converting, in a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor, H 2 and CO in the synthesis gas product to hydrocarbons, including the C 4 + hydrocarbons, provided in an FT product of the FT reactor; and
(c) in a finishing stage contacting a finishing feed, comprising all or a portion of the FT product, with a dewaxing catalyst in a finishing reactor to convert, in the finishing stage normal C 20 + hydrocarbons in a wax fraction of the FT product to C 4 -C 19 hydrocarbons by hydroisomerization and/or hydrocracking reactions;
wherein the finishing feed comprises CO that is unconverted in the FT reactor.
5. The process of claim 4 , wherein step (c) provides a finishing product exiting the finishing reactor and the process further comprises separating the finishing product to provide (i) C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbons and residual H 2 , CO, and CO 2 , and (ii) liquid fuels comprising said C 4 -C 19 hydrocarbons.
6. The process of claim 5 , further comprising separating the liquid fuels into fractions comprising gasoline boiling-range hydrocarbons and diesel boiling-range hydrocarbons.
7. The process of claim 4 , wherein FT reaction conditions in the FT reactor include a temperature from about 193° C. (380° F.) to about 260° C. (500° F.), a gauge pressure from about 689 kPa (100 psig) to about 3.44 MPa (500 psig).
8. The process of claim 5 , wherein, in step (b), a conversion of said CO in the FT reactor is at least about 30%.
9. A process for producing C 4 + hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
converting, in a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor, H 2 and CO in a synthesis gas product to hydrocarbons, including the C 4 + hydrocarbons, provided in an FT product of the FT reactor; and
in a finishing stage, feeding a finishing feed comprising all or a portion of the FT product, including the C 4 + hydrocarbons and further including unconverted CO from the FT reactor, to a finishing reactor to convert, in the finishing stage, at least about 75% of normal C 20 + hydrocarbons in a wax fraction of the FT product to C 4 -C 19 hydrocarbons and provide a finishing product,
wherein the finishing feed further includes unconverted H 2 from the FT reactor, said unconverted H 2 being present in the finishing feed at a concentration of at least about 20 mol-%.
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein the synthesis gas product is obtained from contacting a gaseous mixture comprising CO 2 with a catalyst.
11. The process of claim 9 , wherein the finishing feed comprises at least 95% of the FT product.
12. The process of claim 9 , wherein a CO conversion in the FT reactor is from about 20% to about 99%, and said unconverted CO in the finishing feed represents from about 1% to about 80% of CO in the synthesis gas product.
13. The process of claim 12 , wherein the CO conversion in the FT reactor is from about 30% to about 95%, and said unconverted CO in the finishing feed represents from about 5% to about 70% of CO in the synthesis gas product.
14. The process of claim 12 , wherein, in the synthesis gas product, a combined concentration of H 2 and CO is from about 35 mol-% to about 85 mol-% and a molar H 2 :CO ratio is from about 1.5:1 to about 2.3:1.
15. The process of claim 9 , wherein said all or portion of the FT product is heated prior to said feeding to said finishing reactor.
16. The process of claim 9 , wherein the finishing reactor contains a finishing catalyst having activity for hydrocracking and/or hydroisomerization of said normal C 20 + hydrocarbons.
17. The process of claim 9 , wherein the finishing product comprises less than about 2 wt-% of hydrocarbons that are solid at room temperature.
18. The process of claim 9 , further comprising combining a recycle portion of the finishing product with the finishing feed or feeding the recycle portion to the finishing reactor.
19. The process of claim 4 , wherein the finishing reactor is incorporated into the FT reactor.
20. The process of claim 19 , wherein a bed of finishing catalyst is positioned downstream of a bed of FT catalyst, within a single vessel.
21. The process of claim 4 , wherein the FT product is not separated from an outlet of the FT reactor to an inlet of the finishing reactor.
22. The process of claim 1 , wherein no supplemental source of hydrogen is added to the finishing reactor.
23. The process of claim 4 , wherein the oxidant comprises CO 2 or H 2 O.
24. The process of claim 23 , wherein the oxidant comprises a mixture of both CO 2 and H 2 O.
25. The process of claim 4 , wherein step (b) is carried out with an FT feed having a substantially same molar H 2 :CO ratio as in the synthesis gas product, produced in step (a).
26. The process of claim 4 , wherein, prior to step (b), water is condensed from the synthesis gas product, produced in step (a).
27. The process of claim 4 , wherein step (c) is carried out in the finishing reactor at a temperature from about 232° C. (450° F.) to about 399° C. (750° F.) and a gauge pressure from about 2.00 MPa (290 psig) to about 3.10 MPa (450 psig).
28. The process of claim 4 , wherein the C 4 + hydrocarbons, including the C 4 -C 19 hydrocarbons, are provided in a hydroisomerization/hydrocracking product of the finishing reactor, said hydroisomerization/hydrocracking product comprising less than about 1 wt-% hydrocarbons that are solid at room temperature.
29. The process of claim 4 , wherein the finishing reactor comprises a dewaxing catalyst having hydroisomerization and/or hydrocracking activity with respect to said normal C 20 + hydrocarbons.
30. The process of claim 29 , wherein the dewaxing catalyst comprises a dewaxing active metal deposited on a solid acidic support.
31. The process of claim 30 , wherein the dewaxing active metal is selected from Group 13 or Group 14 of the Periodic Table.
32. The process of claim 31 , wherein the dewaxing active metal selected from Group 13 or Group 14 of the Periodic Table is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt-% to about 3 wt-%, based on the weight of the dewaxing catalyst.
33. The process of claim 32 , wherein the dewaxing catalyst comprises from about 0.1 wt-% to about 3 wt-% gallium, and the solid acidic support comprises ZSM-5.
34. The process of claim 31 , wherein the dewaxing active metal is gallium.