High strain peano hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic (HASEL) transducers
High strain hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic transducers having increased maximum theoretical and practical strains are disclosed. In particular, the actuators include electrode configurations having a zipping front created by the attraction of the electrodes that is configured orthogonally to a strain axis along which the actuators. This configuration produces increased strains. In turn, various form factors for the actuator configuration are presented including an artificial circular muscle and a strain amplifying pulley system. Other actuator configurations are contemplated that include independent and opposed electrode pairs to create cyclic activation, hybrid electrode configurations, and use of strain limiting layers for controlled deflection of the actuator.
1. An electro-hydraulic actuator, comprising:
a plurality of actuator cells, each actuator cell comprising
a deformable shell that defines an enclosed internal cavity,
a liquid dielectric contained within the enclosed internal cavity,
a first electrode disposed over a first side of the deformable shell, and
a second electrode disposed over a second side of the deformable shell;
wherein a distance between the first and second electrodes decreases from a first reference point on a first reference axis through the enclosed internal cavity to a second reference point on the first reference axis in the absence of a voltage being applied to the first and second electrodes,
wherein, upon application of the voltage to the first and second electrodes, electrostatic forces between the first and second electrodes progressively draws the first and second electrodes to drive the liquid dielectric along a zipping front in a first dimension such that the deformable shell deforms along a strain axis in a second dimension, the second dimension being orthogonal to the first dimension, and
wherein, in at least one of the plurality of actuator cells, a terminal end portion of at least one of the first and second electrodes include a non-linear edge configuration.
2. The electro-hydraulic actuator of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of actuator cells are arranged with the first and second electrodes of each one of the plurality of actuator cells disposed adjacent to the first and second electrodes of another one of the plurality of actuator cells.
3. The electro-hydraulic actuator of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of actuator cells are arranged such that the first and second electrodes of each one of the plurality of actuator cells are not adjacent to the first and second electrodes of adjacent ones of the plurality of actuator cells.
4. The electro-hydraulic actuator of claim 1 , further comprising:
in at least one of the plurality of actuator cells,
a third electrode at least partially disposed over the first side of the deformable shell, and
a fourth electrode at least partially disposed over the second side of the deformable shell,
wherein, in the at least one of the plurality of actuator cells, a center portion of the deformable shell is uncovered by the first, second, third, and fourth electrodes.
5. An electro-hydraulic actuator, comprising:
a plurality of actuator cells, each actuator cell comprising
a deformable shell that defines an enclosed internal cavity,
a liquid dielectric contained within the enclosed internal cavity,
a first electrode disposed over a first side of the deformable shell, and
a second electrode disposed over a second side of the deformable shell;
wherein a distance between the first and second electrodes decreases from a first reference point on a first reference axis through the enclosed internal cavity to a second reference point on the first reference axis in the absence of a voltage being applied to the first and second electrodes,
wherein, upon application of the voltage to the first and second electrodes, electrostatic forces between the first and second electrodes progressively draws the first and second electrodes to drive the liquid dielectric along a zipping front in a first dimension such that the deformable shell deforms along a strain axis in a second dimension, the second dimension being orthogonal to the first dimension, further comprising:
in at least one of the plurality of actuator cells,
a third electrode at least partially disposed over the first side of the deformable shell, and
a fourth electrode at least partially disposed over the second side of the deformable shell,
wherein, in the at least one of the plurality of actuator cells, a center portion of the deformable shell is uncovered by the first, second, third, and fourth electrodes.
6. The electro-hydraulic actuator of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of actuator cells are arranged with the first and second electrodes of each one of the plurality of actuator cells disposed adjacent to the first and second electrodes of another one of the plurality of actuator cells.
7. The electro-hydraulic actuator of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of actuator cells are arranged such that the first and second electrodes of each one of the plurality of actuator cells are not adjacent to the first and second electrodes of adjacent ones of the plurality of actuator cells.