Modular systems for hydrogen generation and methods of operating thereof
A modular system for hydrogen generation includes a plurality of cores and a hub. Each core includes an electrolyzer and a power supply. The power supply is operable to manage electrical power to the electrolyzer of the core and is redundant to the power supply of at least another one of the plurality of cores. The hub includes a water module, a heat exchange module, and a switchgear module. The water module includes a water source in fluid communication with the electrolyzer of each one of the plurality of cores, the heat exchange module includes a heat exchanger in thermal communication with the electrolyzer of each one of the plurality of cores, and the switchgear module includes a switch activatable to electrically isolate the power supply of each one of the plurality of cores.
1 . A method of controlling a modular system for hydrogen generation, comprising:
monitoring a respective hydrogen production capacity of each core of a plurality of cores, each core including an electrolyzer comprising a respective electrochemical stack in electrical communication with a power supply, wherein monitoring the respective hydrogen production capacity of each core includes sending a signal to the power supply of the respective core to send a current interrupt or ripple function to the electrochemical stack and receiving a current interrupt impedance measurement of the electrochemical stack in response to the current interrupt or ripple function;
assessing energy available to the plurality of cores from one or more power sources;
setting a respective operating set-point of each core in the plurality of cores such that the plurality of cores collectively meet a predetermined performance goal based on the hydrogen production capacity of each core and the energy available from the one or more power sources; and
directing the available energy from the one or more power sources to the plurality of cores according to the respective operating set-point of each core.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined performance goal includes maximizing hydrogen output using all of the available energy when the available energy is less than the energy required to meet hydrogen output demand from hardware downstream of the plurality of cores.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein:
setting the respective operating set-point of each core in the plurality of cores includes adding additional cores to the plurality of cores, and
the predetermined performance goal includes substantially constant voltage through the plurality of cores during full power operation.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein:
if the respective hydrogen production capacity of one of the cores in the plurality of cores is less than a rated hydrogen output for the respective core, then setting the respective operating set-point of each core in the plurality of cores includes setting an operating set-point of at least one other core in the plurality of cores above a rated hydrogen output for the at least one other core.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein monitoring the respective hydrogen production capacity of each core includes detecting power available to the respective electrolyzer of each core.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein assessing the power available to the plurality of cores from the one or more power sources includes determining an amount of power available from an intermittent power source.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the predetermined performance goal includes balancing total power collectively required for the operating set-points of the plurality of cores with the amount of power available from the intermittent power source.
8 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the predetermined performance goal includes maximum power point tracking of the intermittent power source such that the total power collectively required for the operating set-points of the plurality of cores corresponds to maximum available power from the intermittent power source without requiring excess power from other sources.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein assessing the power available to the plurality of cores from the one or more power sources includes determining an amount of stored in one or more batteries in electrical communication with the respective power supply of each core.
10 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising executing a start-up protocol before the directing, the start-up protocol including:
testing the plurality of cores for leaks and electrical disconnections;
purging at least a portion of each core with an inert gas; and
ramping up each core to the respective operating set point of the core.
11 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising executing a shut-down protocol after the directing, the shut-down protocol including:
de-energizing the power supply of each core;
purging at least a portion of each core with an inert gas;
maintaining a voltage bias on the electrolyzer of each core; and
reversing polarity of the power supply of each core.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more power sources includes a photovoltaic array, a wind power source, or an electric grid.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the one or more power sources includes a photovoltaic array, wherein the photovoltaic array is in direct electrical communication with one or more of the plurality of cores.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined performance goal includes a target overall efficiency of the plurality of cores.
15 . A method of controlling a modular system for hydrogen generation, comprising:
monitoring a respective hydrogen production capacity of each core of a plurality of cores, each core including an electrolyzer in electrical communication with a power supply;
assessing energy available to the plurality of cores from one or more power sources;
setting a respective operating set-point of each core in the plurality of cores such that the plurality of cores collectively meet a predetermined performance goal based on the hydrogen production capacity of each core and the energy available from the one or more power sources; and
directing the available energy from the one or more power sources to the plurality of cores according to the respective operating set-point of each core,
wherein,
the electrolyzer of each core includes a respective electrochemical stack, and
monitoring the respective hydrogen production capacity of each core includes sending a signal to the power supply of the respective core to send a current interrupt or ripple function to the electrochemical stack and receiving a current interrupt impedance measurement of the electrochemical stack in response to the current interrupt or ripple function.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the electrochemical stack comprises a proton exchange membrane (PEM) stack, a solid oxide electrolysis cell, an alkaline cell, or a combination thereof.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the electrochemical stack comprises a PEM stack.
18 . A method of controlling a modular system for hydrogen generation, comprising:
monitoring a respective hydrogen production capacity of each core of a plurality of cores, each core including an electrolyzer comprising a respective electrochemical stack in electrical communication with a power supply, wherein monitoring the respective hydrogen production capacity of each core includes sending a signal to the power supply of the respective core to send a current interrupt or ripple function to the electrochemical stack and receiving a current interrupt impedance measurement of the electrochemical stack in response to the current interrupt or ripple function;
assessing energy available to the plurality of cores from one or more power sources;
setting a respective operating set-point of each core in the plurality of cores such that the plurality of cores collectively meet a predetermined performance goal based on the hydrogen production capacity of each core and the energy available from the one or more power sources; and
directing the available energy from the one or more power sources to the plurality of cores according to the respective operating set-point of each core,
wherein,
if the respective hydrogen production capacity of one of the cores in the plurality of cores is less than a rated hydrogen output for the respective core, then setting the respective operating set-point of each core in the plurality of cores includes setting an operating set-point of at least one other core in the plurality of cores above a rated hydrogen output for the at least one other core.