Granted Patent B2

US 12,657,265 · App. 18/144,667 · Granted Jun 16, 2026

Inventors: Jonathan Ephraim David Hurwitz (Edinburgh, GB); Jose Bernardo Din (Biclatan, PH); Albert Movilla Lastimada (Imus, PH)

Assignee: Analog Devices International Unlimited Company

G06F21/31G06F7/588G06F2221/2103

Abstract

Claims (66)

1 . A physical unclonable function, PUF, apparatus, comprising:

a PUF source for outputting a first signal and a second signal, wherein a difference between the first signal and the second signal is indicative of a random manufacturing difference between components in the PUF source; and

an analog to digital converter, ADC, for coupling to the PUF source;

wherein the PUF apparatus is configured to operate in a plurality of different modes comprising at least a PUF coarse-measurement mode and a PUF fine-measurement mode,

wherein the ADC comprises a comparator that is used in both the PUF coarse-measurement mode and the PUF fine-measurement mode to generate a digital measurement, and

wherein when operating in the PUF coarse-measurement mode and when operating in the PUF fine-measurement mode, the PUF apparatus is configured to:

use the comparator to generate the digital measurement that is a measure of the difference between the first signal and the second signal; and

generate a PUF value using the digital measurement,

wherein when the PUF apparatus is operating in the PUF fine-measurement mode, the digital measurement has a greater resolution than when operating in the PUF coarse-measurement mode; and

wherein when operating in the PUF coarse-measurement mode, the comparator is configured to operate as a single-bit quantizer that sets a value of the single-bit based on a relative size of the first signal and the second signal.

2 . The PUF apparatus of claim 1 , wherein when operating in the PUF fine-measurement mode, the digital measurement is a multi-bit value indicative of a sign and magnitude of the difference between the first signal and the second signal.

3 . The PUF apparatus of claim 1 , wherein when operating in the PUF coarse-measurement mode, the digital measurement is a single-bit value indicative of a sign of the difference between the first signal and the second signal.

4 . The PUF apparatus of claim 1 , wherein when operating in the PUF fine-measurement mode, the PUF apparatus is configured to:

perform, using the ADC, a first digital conversion to generate a first digital value indicative of a difference between the first signal and the second signal;

perform, using the ADC, a second digital conversion to generate a second digital value indicative of a difference between the second signal and the first signal; and

generate the digital measurement using the first digital value and the second digital value.

5 . The PUF apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the digital measurement is generated by combining the first digital value and the second digital value in such a way that a systematic error component in the first digital value and the second digital value is reduced or substantially cancelled out.

6 . The PUF apparatus of claim 4 , further comprising a chop circuit coupled to a first input and a second input of the ADC, and

wherein the first digital conversion is performed with the first chop circuit coupling the first signal to the first input of the ADC and coupling the second signal to the second input of the ADC, and

wherein the second digital conversion is performed with the chop circuit coupling the first signal to the second input of the ADC and coupling the second signal to the first input of the ADC.

7 . The PUF apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the ADC comprises:

a ramp generator configured to generate at least one ramp signal that increases or decreases over time, and

a comparator whose two inputs form the first and second input of the ADC,

wherein when operating in the PUF fine-measurement mode, the ADC is configured to operate as a ramp-ADC and the at least one ramp signal is applied to at least one of the comparator inputs.

8 . The PUF apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a noise source for outputting a first noise signal and a second noise signal, wherein the ADC configured for selective coupling to either one of the noise source and the PUF source,

wherein the plurality of different modes further comprises a dynamic random number mode, and

wherein when operating in the dynamic random number mode, the PUF apparatus is configured to:

use the ADC to generate a dynamic random number using the first noise signal and the second noise signal.

9 . The PUF apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the ADC comprises a comparator, and

wherein when operating in the dynamic random number mode, the ADC is configured to use the comparator for generating the dynamic random number; and

wherein when operating in the PUF coarse-measurement mode and when operating in the PUF fine-measurement mode, the ADC is configured to use the comparator for generating the digital measurement.

10 . The PUF apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the PUF source comprises a pair of devices where the first signal and second signal are indicative of a random manufacturing difference between the pair of devices pair, and

wherein the plurality of different modes further comprises a PUF self-checking mode, and

wherein when operating in the PUF self-checking mode, the PUF apparatus is configured to:

use the ADC to generate the digital measurement, wherein the digital measurement is indicative of a magnitude of the difference between the first signal and the second signal; and

determine whether the magnitude of the difference between the first signal and the second signal is greater or less than a PUF stability threshold.

11 . A system comprising:

a first source comprising a pair of matched electrical devices;

a second source configured to generate an electrical signal comprising random noise, wherein the first source and the second source use separate electrical components; and

a determination circuit configured to, when the system is operating in a physical unclonable function, PUF, mode:

generate, using the pair of matched electrical devices, a first electrical signal that is indicative of a random manufacturing difference between the pair of matched electrical devices; and

generate a PUF value based on the first electrical signal, and

wherein the determination circuit is further configured to, when the system is operating in a dynamic random number mode:

generate, using the second source, a second electrical signal comprising random noise; and

generate a dynamic random number using the second electrical signal.

12 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the determination circuit comprises a comparator for use in generating the PUF value when the system is operating in the PUF mode, and for use in generating the dynamic random number when the system is operating in the dynamic random number mode.

13 . The system of claim 12 ,

wherein the determination circuit is configured, when the system is operating in the PUF mode, to couple an input of the comparator to the pair of matched electrical devices such that the comparator receives the first electrical signal; and

wherein the determination circuit is configured, when the system is operating in the dynamic random number mode, to couple the input of the comparator to the noise source such that a pre-amplifier receives the second electrical signal.

14 . The system of claim 11 , wherein when the system is operating in the PUF mode, the determination circuit is configured to determine a measure of the first electrical signal and generate the PUF value using the measure of the first electrical signal, and

wherein when the system is operating in the dynamic random number mode, the determination circuit is configured to determine a measure of the second electrical signal and generate the dynamic random number using the measure of the second electrical signal.

15 . The system of claim 14 , wherein the measure of the first electrical signal is a digital value indicative of a sign of the first electrical signal, and

wherein the measure of the second electrical signal is a digital value indicative of a sign of the second electrical signal.

16 . A physical unclonable function, PUF, system, comprising:

a pair of matched devices; and

a determination circuit coupled to the pair of matched devices, wherein the determination circuit comprises a counter and an analog-to-digital converter, ADC, wherein the ADC comprises a ramp generator or successive approximation register converter, and wherein when the system is operating in an enrolment mode, the determination circuit is configured to:

perform an analog-to-digital conversion using the ADC to generate a digital measurement indicative of a random manufacturing difference between the pair of matched devices;

count, using the counter, a number of cycles corresponding to a stability threshold after completing the analog-to-digital conversion;

determine whether a magnitude of a random manufacturing difference between the pair of matched devices exceeds the stability threshold;

mark the pair of matched devices as suitable for use in generating a PUF value if the magnitude of the random manufacturing difference exceeds the stability threshold; and

mark the pair of matched devices as unsuitable for use in generating a PUF value if the magnitude of the random manufacturing difference is less than the stability threshold, and

wherein when the system is operating in a PUF mode and the pair of matched devices are marked as suitable for use in generating a PUF value:

determine a measure of the random manufacturing difference between the pair of matched devices; and

generate the PUF value using the measure of the random manufacturing difference between the pair of matched devices.

17 . The PUF system of claim 16 , wherein the determination circuit comprises a comparator for use in determining the magnitude of the random manufacturing difference when the system is operating in the enrolment mode and for use in determining the measure of the random manufacturing difference when the system is operating in the PUF mode.

18 . The PUF system of claim 16 , configured to operate in the enrolment mode intermittently or periodically throughout a life of the PUF system.

Assignments (1)

Continuity (1)

References Cited (11)