Tandem solar cell

1. A tandem solar cell, comprising:

a perovskite solar cell comprising a perovskite absorption layer;

a silicon solar cell disposed below the perovskite solar cell;

a junction layer disposed between the perovskite solar cell and the silicon solar cell;

a hydrogen ion supply layer disposed between the junction layer and the silicon solar cell;

an upper electrode disposed on the perovskite solar cell; and

a lower electrode disposed below the silicon solar cell,

wherein the silicon solar cell comprises:

a crystalline silicon substrate;

an emitter layer disposed on a first surface of the crystalline silicon substrate;

a surface field layer disposed at a second surface of the crystalline silicon substrate; and

a tunnel layer disposed between the crystalline silicon substrate and the surface field layer,

wherein the emitter layer or the surface field layer includes a first conductive type impurity, and the crystalline silicon substrate includes a second conductive type impurity that is different from the first conductive type impurity,

wherein the hydrogen ion supply layer comprises a pattern having an opening through which a portion of the emitter layer or the surface field layer is exposed to the junction layer and in contact with the junction layer.

2. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the first surface is an upper surface of the crystalline silicon substrate, and a portion of the emitter layer is exposed to the junction layer and in contact with the junction layer.

3. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the second surface is an upper surface of the crystalline silicon substrate, and a portion of the surface field layer is exposed to the junction layer and in contact with the junction layer.

4. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the emitter layer is a polycrystalline silicon layer.

5. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the surface field layer includes the second conductive type impurity.

6. The tandem solar cell according to claim 5 , wherein the surface field layer has a higher impurity concentration than the crystalline silicon substrate.

7. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the surface field layer, the tunnel layer, the crystalline silicon substrate, and the emitter layer are sequentially stacked on an upper surface of the lower electrode.

8. The tandem solar cell according to claim 7 , further comprising: an anti-reflection film disposed on a lower surface of the surface field layer.

9. The tandem solar cell of claim 7 , wherein the perovskite solar cell further comprises an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, and a transparent conductive oxide electrode layer, wherein the electron transport layer, the perovskite absorption layer, the hole transport layer, and the transparent conductive oxide electrode layer are sequentially stacked on an upper surface of the junction layer.

10. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the emitter layer, the crystalline silicon substrate, the tunnel layer, and the surface field layer are sequentially stacked on an upper surface of the lower electrode.

11. The tandem solar cell according to claim 10 , further comprising: an anti-reflection film disposed on a lower surface of the emitter layer.

12. The tandem solar cell according to claim 11 , wherein the emitter layer is hydrogen passivated.

13. The tandem solar cell of claim 10 , wherein the perovskite solar cell further comprises an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, and a transparent conductive oxide electrode layer, wherein the hole transport layer, the perovskite absorption layer, the electron transport layer, and the transparent conductive oxide electrode layer are sequentially stacked on an upper surface of the junction layer.

14. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen ion supply layer is an insulating film rich in hydrogen.

15. The tandem solar cell according to claim 14 , wherein the hydrogen ion supply layer is made of hydrogenated silicon nitride.

16. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the tunnel layer is made of at least one of silicon carbide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, or silicon oxynitride.

17. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the tunnel layer is 3 to 15 Å.

18. The tandem solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the opening is filled with the junction layer.

19. The tandem solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the perovskite absorption layer comprises at least one of organic halide perovskite or metal halide perovskite.

20. The tandem solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the junction layer comprises at least one of a transparent conductive oxide material, a carbonaceous conductive material, a metallic material, a conductive polymer material, or nano-crystalline silicon.