Pupil expansion
There is disclosed herein a waveguide comprising an optical slab and an optical wedge. The optical slab has a first refractive index, n 1 >1. The optical slab comprises: a pair of opposing surfaces and an input port. The pair of opposing surfaces are arranged in a parallel configuration. The input port is arranged to receive light into the optical slab at an angle such that the light is guided between the first and second opposing surfaces by a series of internal reflections. The optical wedge has a second refractive index, n 2 , wherein 1<n 2 <n 1 . The optical wedge comprises a pair of opposing surfaces arranged in a wedge configuration. A first surface of the optical wedge abuts the second surface of the optical slab to form an interface that allows partial transmission of light guided by the optical slab into the optical wedge at a plurality of points along the interface such that the light is divided a plurality of times. The angle of the wedge allows light received at the interface to escape through the second surface of the optical wedge such that the exit pupil of the waveguide is expanded by the plurality of divisions of the light.
1. A waveguide pupil expander comprising:
an optical slab having a first refractive index n 1 >1, wherein the optical slab comprises:
first and second opposing surfaces arranged in a parallel configuration; and an input arranged to receive light into the optical slab at an angle such that the light is guided between the first and second opposing surfaces by a series of internal reflections; and
an optical wedge having a second refractive index n 2 , wherein the optical wedge comprises first and second opposing surfaces arranged in a wedge configuration, such that there is an angle between the first surface and the second surface such that a first normal of the second surface of the optical wedge is different to a second normal of the second surface of the optical slab;
wherein the optical wedge has a thick end and a thin end;
wherein 1<n 2 <n 1 ;
wherein the first surface of the optical wedge abuts the second surface of the optical slab to form an interface that allows partial transmission of light guided by the optical slab into the optical wedge at a plurality of points along the interface such that the light is divided a plurality of times, and wherein the angle of the wedge allows light received at the interface to escape through the second surface of the optical wedge such that the exit pupil of the waveguide pupil expander is expanded by the plurality of divisions of the light, and
wherein the second surface of the optical wedge is arranged to direct sunlight incident thereon away from a path of the light escaping through the second surface of the optical wedge.
2. The waveguide pupil expander as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the optical wedge changes linearly with distance from the input port.
3. The waveguide pupil expander as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the thickness of the optical wedge linearly decreases with distance from the input port.
4. The waveguide pupil expander as claimed in claim 1 , wherein at least one surface of the optical wedge comprises an anti-reflection coating.
5. The waveguide pupil expander as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the refractive index of the optical wedge changes with distance from the input.
6. The waveguide pupil expander as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the refractive index of the optical wedge increases with distance from the input.
7. The waveguide pupil expander as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising an index matching fluid layer sandwiched between the optical slab and optical wedge, wherein the refractive index of the index matching fluid changes with distance from the input.
8. The waveguide pupil expander as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the refractive index of the index matching fluid increases with distance from the input.
9. The waveguide pupil expander as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising an output port arranged to eject light from the optical slab.
10. A head-up display comprising
a waveguide pupil expander comprising:
an optical slab having a first refractive index n 1 >1, wherein the optical slab comprises: first and second opposing surfaces arranged in a parallel configuration; and an input arranged to receive light into the optical slab at an angle such that the light is guided between the first and second opposing surfaces by a series of internal reflections; and
an optical wedge having a second refractive index n 2 , wherein the optical wedge comprises first and second opposing surfaces arranged in a wedge configuration, such that there is an angle between the first surface and the second surface such that a first normal of the second surface of the optical wedge is different to a second normal of the second surface of the optical slab;
wherein the optical wedge has a thick end and a thin end;
wherein 1<n 2 <n 1 ;
wherein the first surface of the optical wedge abuts the second surface of the optical slab to form an interface that allows partial transmission of light guided by the optical slab into the optical wedge at a plurality of points along the interface such that the light is divided a plurality of times, and wherein the angle of the wedge allows light received at the interface to escape through the second surface of the optical wedge such that the exit pupil of the waveguide pupil expander is expanded by the plurality of divisions of the light, and
an eye-box, wherein the head-up display is arranged such that light that has been guided by the optical slab is received at the eye-box; and wherein the second surface of the optical wedge is arranged to direct sunlight incident thereon away from the eye-box.
11. The head-up display as claimed in claim 10 , further comprising a picture generating unit arranged to display a pattern, wherein the light that the input of the optical slab is arranged to receive is light of the pattern displayed by the picture generating unit.
12. The head-up display as claimed in claim 11 wherein the displayed pattern is a phase hologram.
13. The head-up display as claimed in claim 11 , further comprising an optical system between the picture generating unit and waveguide pupil expander, wherein the optical system comprises at least one selected from the group comprising: a collimation lens, a pair of lenses arranged to form a telescope such as a de-magnifying telescope and a spatial filter.
14. The head-up display as claimed in claim 10 , wherein the picture generating unit is a holographic projector.
15. The head-up display as claimed in claim 10 , wherein the second surface of the optical wedge forms a cover glass or glare trap of the head-up display.
16. A method of pupil expansion, the method comprising:
receiving light into an optical slab through an input port, wherein the optical slab has a first refractive index, n 1 >1;
guiding the light between first and second opposing surfaces of the optical slab by a series of internal reflections, wherein the first and second opposing surfaces are arranged in a parallel configuration;
dividing the light a plurality of times by providing an interface between a first surface of an optical wedge and the second surface of the optical slab that allows partial transmission of the light into the optical wedge at a plurality of points along the interface, wherein the optical wedge has a second refractive index, n 2 , and 1<n 2 <n 1 , and wherein the optical wedge has a thick end and a thin end, and tapers down in thickness from the thick end to the thin end;
providing the first and a second opposing surface of the optical wedge in a wedge configuration so that light received by the optical wedge through the interface escapes through the second surface of the optical wedge such that the exit pupil of the waveguide pupil expander is expanded by the plurality of divisions of the light; and
receiving sunlight at the second surface of the optical wedge, wherein the second surface of the optical wedge directs the received sunlight away from a path of the light escaping through the second surface of the optical wedge.
17. The method as claimed in claim 16 , further comprising receiving pupil-expanded light from the waveguide pupil expander at an eye-box, wherein the second surface of the optical wedge directs sunlight incident thereon away from the eye-box.
18. The method as claimed in claim 16 , wherein the light received into the optical slab through the input port is patterned light received from a picture generating unit.