Systems and methods for lifter motor cooling in EVTOL aircraft
A VTOL aircraft includes a plurality of lift propellers configured to rotated by lift motors to provide vertical thrust during takeoff, landing and hovering operations. The lift propellers are configured to generate a cooling airflow to cool the lift motors during use. During a cruise operation when the VTOL aircraft is in forward motion, the lift propellers may be stowed in a stationary position. Therefore, the cooling airflow may be reduced or eliminated when it is not needed.
1. A propeller apparatus for a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, comprising:
a propeller;
a support structure of the VTOL aircraft;
an electric engine mounted to the support structure and configured to rotate the propeller, the electric engine being located within an enclosure;
a first heat transfer element that is thermally coupled to the electric engine, wherein at least part of the first heat transfer element is located external to the enclosure;
an air inlet located at an upper side of the support structure, wherein the air inlet is configured to receive downwash from the propeller during a lift phase, and wherein the air inlet is radially offset from a hub of the electric engine;
a first cooling path configured to direct a first portion of the downwash from the air inlet to the first heat transfer element via an isolated ducted path; and
a first air outlet configured to exhaust the first portion of the downwash from the first heat transfer element.
2. The propeller apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first heat transfer element comprises a heat exchanger.
3. The propeller apparatus of claim 2 , further comprising:
an oil flow path, wherein the heat exchanger is thermally coupled to the electric engine by the oil flow path.
4. The propeller apparatus of claim 3 , wherein:
the electric engine comprises a motor; and
the enclosure comprises a motor enclosure enclosing the motor,
wherein the oil flow path is configured to circulate oil within the motor enclosure.
5. The propeller apparatus of claim 4 , wherein: the electric engine further comprises an inverter; and
the enclosure comprises an inverter enclosure enclosing the inverter and a dividing plate between the motor enclosure and the inverter enclosure, wherein the dividing plate is configured to thermally couple the inverter to the oil flow path.
6. The propeller apparatus of claim 4 , wherein: the electric engine comprises a gearbox; and
the enclosure comprises a gearbox enclosure enclosing the gearbox,
wherein the oil flow path is configured to circulate oil within the gearbox enclosure.
7. The propeller apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second heat transfer element that is thermally coupled to the electric engine, wherein at least part of the second heat transfer element is located external to the enclosure; and
a second cooling path configured to direct a second portion of the downwash from the air inlet to the second heat transfer element.
8. The propeller apparatus of claim 7 , further comprising a baffle configured to divide the downwash from the air inlet into the first cooling path and the second cooling path.
9. The propeller apparatus of claim 7 , wherein: the air inlet comprises a first air inlet and a second air inlet;
the first cooling path is configured to receive the first portion of the downwash from the first air inlet; and
the second cooling path is configured to receive the second portion of the downwash from the second air inlet.
10. The propeller apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first air outlet is configured to exhaust the second portion of the downwash from the second heat transfer element.
11. The propeller apparatus of claim 7 , further comprising:
a second air outlet, wherein the second air outlet is configured to exhaust the second portion of the downwash from the second heat transfer element.
12. The propeller apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the second air outlet is located in an upper side of the support structure.
13. The propeller apparatus of claim 7 , further comprising:
an oil flow path, wherein:
the electric engine comprises a hybrid-cooled electric engine having a first part and a second part;
the first heat transfer element comprises a heat exchanger thermally coupled to the first part of the electric engine via the oil flow path; and
the second heat transfer element comprises air-cooling fins thermally coupled to the second part of the electric engine.
14. The propeller apparatus of claim 13 , wherein:
one of the first part of the electric engine and the second part of the electric engine comprises a motor; and
the other of the first part of the electric engine and the second part of the electric engine comprises an inverter.
15. The propeller apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second heat transfer element that is thermally coupled to the electric engine, wherein at least part of the second heat transfer element is located external to the enclosure,
wherein the first cooling path is configured to direct the downwash from the first heat transfer element to the second heat transfer element.
16. The propeller apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising: a door configured to:
open during the lift phase of the VTOL aircraft to expose the air inlet to the downwash, and
close during a cruise phase of the VTOL aircraft to cover the air inlet.
17. The propeller apparatus of claim 16 , further comprising:
a biasing mechanism configured to bias the door to a closed position, wherein a biasing force of the biasing mechanism is configured to be higher than a first opposing force from air during the cruise phase of the VTOL aircraft and lower than a second opposing force from the air during the lift phase of the VTOL aircraft.
18. The propeller apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the door is configured to be opened by a swirl component of the downwash.
19. The propeller apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the door is configured to be forced to open inward into the support structure by the downwash.
20. The propeller apparatus of claim 16 , wherein:
in a cross-sectional direction of the support structure perpendicular to a longitudinal axis direction of the support structure, a width of the door is at least 75% of a width of the support structure.
21. The propeller apparatus of claim 20 , wherein a length of the door in the longitudinal axis direction is greater than the width of the door.
22. The propeller apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a boom, wherein the support structure comprises one of the boom or a fairing coupled to the boom.
23. A method of operating a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, comprising:
rotating a propeller by an electric engine in a lift configuration of the VTOL aircraft, the electric engine being located within an enclosure and mounted to a support structure of the VTOL aircraft;
directing downwash from the propeller through an air inlet located at an upper side of the support structure, wherein the air inlet is radially offset from a hub of the electric engine;
receiving a portion of the downwash in a cooling path via the air inlet;
directing the portion of the downwash via the cooling path to a heat transfer element, at least part of the heat transfer element being located external to the enclosure and thermally coupled to the electric engine, and wherein the cooling path comprises an isolated ducted path; and
exhausting the portion of the downwash from the heat transfer element via an air outlet.
24. A propeller apparatus for a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, comprising:
a propeller;
a support structure of the VTOL aircraft;
an electric engine mounted to the support structure and configured to rotate the propeller;
an air inlet located at an upper side of the support structure, wherein the air inlet is configured to receive downwash from the propeller during a lift phase and wherein the air inlet is radially offset from a hub of the electric engine;
a first cooling path configured to direct a first portion of the downwash from the air inlet to a first part of the electric engine via an isolated ducted path; and
a second cooling path configured to direct a second portion of the downwash from the air inlet to a second part of the electric engine.
25. The propeller apparatus of claim 24 , further comprising:
a first heat transfer element thermally coupled to the first part of the electric engine; and a second heat transfer element thermally coupled to the second part of the electric engine.
26. The propeller apparatus of claim 25 , further comprising:
an oil flow path, wherein:
the electric engine comprises a hybrid-cooled electric engine having the first part and the second part;
the first heat transfer element comprises a heat exchanger thermally coupled to the first part of the electric engine via the oil flow path; and
the second heat transfer element comprises air-cooling fins thermally coupled to the second part of the electric engine.
27. The propeller apparatus of claim 25 , further comprising:
an enclosure around the electric engine, wherein at least part of the first heat transfer element and at least part of the second heat transfer element is located external to the enclosure.
28. The propeller apparatus of claim 24 , wherein:
one of the first part of the electric engine and the second part of the electric engine comprises a motor; and
the other of the first part of the electric engine and the second part of the electric engine comprises an inverter.
29. The propeller apparatus of claim 24 , further comprising: a door configured to:
open during the lift phase of the VTOL aircraft to expose the air inlet to the downwash; and
close during a cruise phase of the VTOL aircraft to cover the air inlet; and
wherein the door is configured to be opened by a swirl component of the downwash.
30. The propeller apparatus of claim 24 , further comprising:
a boom, wherein the support structure comprises one of the boom or a fairing coupled to the boom.
31. A propeller apparatus for a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, comprising:
a propeller;
a support structure of the VTOL aircraft;
an electric engine mounted to the support structure and configured to rotate the propeller, the electric engine being located within an enclosure;
a first heat transfer element that is thermally coupled to the electric engine, wherein at least part of the first heat transfer element is located external to the enclosure;
a first air inlet for a first cooling path and a second air inlet for a second cooling path located at an upper side of the support structure, wherein the first air inlet and the second air inlet are each configured to receive downwash from the propeller during a lift phase;
the first cooling path configured to direct a first portion of the downwash from the first air inlet to the first heat transfer element;
the second cooling path configured to direct a second portion of the downwash from the second air inlet to a second heat transfer element that is thermally coupled to the electric engine; and
a first air outlet configured to exhaust the first portion of the downwash from the first heat transfer element.
32. The propeller apparatus of claim 31 , wherein the first heat transfer element comprises a heat exchanger and further comprising:
an oil flow path, wherein the heat exchanger is thermally coupled to the electric engine by the oil flow path.
33. The propeller apparatus of claim 32 , wherein:
the electric engine comprises a motor; and
the enclosure comprises a motor enclosure enclosing the motor,
wherein the oil flow path is configured to circulate oil within the motor enclosure.
34. The propeller apparatus of claim 31 , further comprising:
a second air outlet, wherein the second air outlet is configured to exhaust the second portion of the downwash from the second heat transfer element.
35. The propeller apparatus of claim 34 , wherein the second air outlet is located in an upper side of the support structure.
36. The propeller apparatus of claim 31 , further comprising: an oil flow path, wherein:
the electric engine comprises a hybrid-cooled electric engine having a first part and a second part;
the first heat transfer element comprises a heat exchanger thermally coupled to the first part of the electric engine via the oil flow path; and
the second heat transfer element comprises air-cooling fins thermally coupled to the second part of the electric engine.
37. The propeller apparatus of claim 31 , further comprising: a door configured to:
open during the lift phase of the VTOL aircraft to expose at least one of the first air inlet or the second air inlet to the downwash, and
close during a cruise phase of the VTOL aircraft to cover at least one of the first air inlet or the second air inlet.
38. A propeller apparatus for a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, comprising:
a propeller;
a support structure of the VTOL aircraft;
an electric engine mounted to the support structure and configured to rotate the propeller, the electric engine being located within an enclosure;
a first heat transfer element that is thermally coupled to the electric engine, wherein at least part of the first heat transfer element is located external to the enclosure;
an air inlet located at an upper side of the support structure, wherein the air inlet is configured to receive downwash from the propeller during a lift phase;
a first cooling path configured to direct a first portion of the downwash to the first heat transfer element;
a second cooling path configured to direct a second portion of the downwash to a second heat transfer element that is thermally coupled to the electric engine;
a first air outlet configured to exhaust the first portion of the downwash from the first heat transfer element; and
a second air outlet configured to exhaust the second portion of the downwash from the second heat transfer element.
39. The propeller apparatus of claim 38 , wherein the first heat transfer element comprises a heat exchanger and further comprising:
an oil flow path, wherein the heat exchanger is thermally coupled to the electric engine by the oil flow path.
40. The propeller apparatus of claim 39 , wherein:
the electric engine comprises a motor; and
the enclosure comprises a motor enclosure enclosing the motor,
wherein the oil flow path is configured to circulate oil within the motor enclosure.
41. The propeller apparatus of claim 38 , wherein:
the air inlet comprises a first air inlet and a second air inlet;
the first cooling path is configured to receive the first portion of the downwash from the first air inlet; and
the second cooling path is configured to receive the second portion of the downwash from the second air inlet.
42. The propeller apparatus of claim 38 , wherein the second air outlet is located in an upper side of the support structure.
43. The propeller apparatus of claim 38 , further comprising: an oil flow path, wherein:
the electric engine comprises a hybrid-cooled electric engine having a first part and a second part;
the first heat transfer element comprises a heat exchanger thermally coupled to the first part of the electric engine via the oil flow path; and
the second heat transfer element comprises air-cooling fins thermally coupled to the second part of the electric engine.
44. The propeller apparatus of claim 38 , further comprising: a door configured to:
open during the lift phase of the VTOL aircraft to expose the air inlet to the downwash, and
close during a cruise phase of the VTOL aircraft to cover the air inlet.