Display and lighting devices comprising phosphorescent excimers with preferred molecular orientation as monochromatic emitters

1. An organic light emitting diode comprising:

a substrate;

a first electrode;

a hole transporting layer proximate the first electrode;

a second electrode;

an electron transporting layer proximate the second electrode; and

an emissive layer between the hole transporting layer and the electron transporting layer, wherein the emissive layer comprises a square planar tetradentate platinum complex represented by one of Formulas I-IX, and excimers formed by two or more of the complexes are aligned such that emitting dipoles of the excimers are substantially parallel to a surface of the substrate:

wherein, in Formula I:

M represents Pt(II);

R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 each independently represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, alkoxy, amino, or aryl;

each n is independently an integer as limited by valency;

Y 1a , Y 1b , Y 1c , Y 1d , Y 1e , Y 1f , Y 2a , Y 2b , Y 2c , Y 2d , Y 2e , Y 2f , Y 4a , Y 4b , Y 4c , Y 4d , Y 4e , Y 5a , Y 5b , Y 5c , Y 5d , and Y 5e each independently represents C, N, Si, O, S;

X 2 represents NR, PR, CRR′, SiRR′, CRR′, SiRR′, O, S, S═O, O═S═O, Se, Se═O, or O═Se═O, where R and R′ each independently represents halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, or heteroaryl;

each of L 1 and L 3 is independently present or absent, and if present, represents a substituted or unsubstituted linking atom or group, where a substituted linking atom is bonded to an alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy, amine, amide, thiol, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl moiety;

Ar 3 and Ar 4 each independently represents 6-membered aryl group; and

Ar 1 and Ar 5 each independently represents a 5- to 10-membered aryl, heteroaryl, fused aryl, or fused heteroaryl; and

wherein, in Formulas II-IX:

M represents Pt(II);

each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 present independently represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, alkoxy, amino, or aryl;

each n is independently an integer, valency permitting;

each Y 1a , Y 1b , Y 1c , Y 1d , Y 2a , Y 2b , Y 2c , Y 3a , Y 3b , Y 3c , Y 4a , Y 4b , Y 4c , Y 4d , Y 5a , Y 5b , Y 5c , Y 5d , Y 6a , Y 6b , Y 6e , and Y 6d present independently represents C, N, or Si;

U 1 and U 2 each independently represents NR, O or S, wherein R represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, alkoxy, amino, or aryl;

U 3 and U 4 each independently represents N or P; and

X represents O, S, NR, CRR′, SiRR′, PR, BR, S═O, O═S═O, Se, Se═O, or O═Se═O, where R and R′ each independently represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, or heteroaryl.

2. The organic light emitting diode of claim 1 , wherein the complex represented by Formula I comprises one of:

and the complex represented by one of Formulas II-IX comprises one of:

wherein R and R′ each independently represents substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, or heteroaryl; and wherein M represents Pt(II).

3. The organic light emitting diode of claim 1 , wherein a concentration of the complex in the emissive layer is in a range of 5 wt % to 100 wt %.

4. The organic light emitting diode of claim 3 , wherein the emissive layer comprises a neat film of the complex.

5. The organic light emitting diode of claim 3 , wherein the emissive layer comprises a doped film comprising a host material and the complex.

6. The organic light emitting diode of claim 5 , wherein a concentration of the complex in the doped film is in a range of 5 wt % to 25 wt %.

7. The organic light emitting diode of claim 5 , wherein the host material comprises a carbazole-based host having one to three carbazole skeletons.

8. The organic light emitting diode of claim 7 , wherein the carbazole-based host is represented by one of Formulas 1-3:

wherein each occurrence of R 1 -R 9 independently represents halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkane, cycloalkane, heterocyclyl, amino, alkoxy, haloalkyl, arylalkane, or arylalkene.

9. The organic light emitting diode of claim 8 , wherein the carbazole-based host comprises one or more of tris-PCz (9,9′,9″-triphenyl-9H,9′H,9″H-3,3′:6′3″-tercarbazole), CBP (4,4-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl), mCBP (3,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl), and mCP (meta-di(carbazolyl) phenyl).

10. The organic light emitting diode of claim 1 , wherein the emissive layer comprises one or more doped films comprising the complex, each doped film having a different concentration of the complex.

11. The organic light emitting diode of claim 10 , wherein the emissive layer comprises a first doped film comprising the complex and a second doped film comprising the complex.

12. The organic light emitting diode of claim 11 , wherein a concentration of the complex in the first doped film is in a range of 15 wt % to 25 wt % and a concentration of the complex in the second doped film is in a range of 5 wt % to 15 wt %.

13. The organic light emitting diode of claim 12 , wherein the emissive layer further comprises a third doped film comprising the complex.

14. The organic light emitting diode of claim 13 , wherein a concentration of the complex in the third doped film is in a range of 5 wt % to 10 wt %.

15. The organic light emitting diode of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode is formed on the surface of the substrate.

16. The organic light emitting diode of claim 1 , wherein, in Formula I, Ar 1 and Ar 5 do not represent imidazolium carbene, pyrazine, or triazole.