Optical transmitter for a quantum key distribution system
An optical transmitter for a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system, the transmitter comprising: a multi-modal laser; a wavelength tuneable laser arranged to inject light into a cavity of the multi-modal laser, so as to cause the multi-modal laser to output light at a selected wavelength for use in generating pulses to be output by the transmitter; and a modulator for controlling a phase shift between successive pulses output from the transmitter.
1. An optical transmitter for a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system, the transmitter comprising:
a multi-modal laser;
a wavelength tuneable laser arranged to inject light into a cavity of the multi-modal laser, so as to cause the multi-modal laser to output light at a selected wavelength for use in generating pulses to be output by the transmitter; and
a modulator for controlling a phase shift between successive pulses output from the transmitter,
wherein the transmitter is configured to encode bits of information in pairs of optical pulses output by the transmitter, each pair of pulses being transmitted within a respective time window, wherein within each time window, the pair of pulses are phase encoded by applying a specified phase shift between the first pulse in the time window and the second pulse in the time window; and
wherein the phase of the first pulse in a temporal window is randomised with respect to a previous time window.
2. An optical transmitter according to claim 1 , wherein the multi-modal laser is configured to generate the pulses of light for output by the transmitter.
3. An optical transmitter according to claim 2 , wherein the modulator is configured to control the phase shift by modulating pump power supplied to the wavelength tuneable laser.
4. An optical transmitter according to claim 2 , wherein the modulator comprises an external modulator arranged to receive the pulses of light from the multi-modal laser and apply a phase shift to the pulses of light.
5. An optical transmitter according to claim 2 , wherein the multi-modal laser is configured to generate pulses of light by modulating pump power supplied to the multi-modal laser.
6. An optical transmitter according to claim 5 , wherein the pump power supplied to the multi-modal laser is used to gain-switch the multi-modal laser.
7. An optical transmitter according to claim 1 , wherein the multi-modal laser and/or the wavelength tuneable laser are solid-state lasers; and
optionally wherein the multi-modal laser comprises a Fabry Perot laser.
8. An optical transmitter according to claim 1 , further comprising an attenuator for attenuating the output pulses, such that a mean number of photons per pulse is equal to or less than 1.
9. An optical transmitter according to claim 1 , wherein the information is encoded into conjugate bases of time and phase or two phase bases; and
optionally wherein the pulses output by the transmitter are temporally encoded within each time window by modulating pump power supplied to the multi-modal laser.
10. An optical transmitter according to claim 1 , wherein the specified phase shift is applied by modulating pump power supplied to the wavelength tuneable laser by a pre-defined amount; or
wherein the optical transmitter comprises an interferometer configured to split each pulse generated by the multi-modal laser into two pulses that travel down respective arms of the interferometer, wherein one of the arms comprises a delay for delaying one of the pulses with respect to the other pulse, and
wherein one of the arms comprises a phase modulator arranged to apply a phase shift to the pulse travelling down that arm.
11. An optical transmitter according to claim 1 , wherein the phase of the first pulse in each time window is randomised with respect to the previous time window by gain switching the wavelength tuneable laser.
12. An optical transmitter according to claim 1 , wherein the phase of the first pulse in each time window is randomised with respect to the previous time window by modulating pump power supplied to the wavelength tuneable laser with a randomly chosen amplitude; and
optionally wherein the randomly chosen amplitude is selected from one of 10 or more pre-defined amplitudes.
13. A quantum key distribution (QKD) system comprising an optical transmitter according to claim 1 .
14. A QKD system according to claim 13 , comprising a receiver, wherein data is sent from the transmitter to the receiver across a network, the network comprising one of:
a point-to-point network;
a measurement device independent (MDI) network; and
a twin field (TF) network; and
optionally wherein a different wavelength is selected at different time intervals.
15. A QKD system according to claim 13 , further comprising a quantum repeater, the quantum repeater comprising a node having a quantum memory, the quantum memory being arranged to receive pulses of light output by the optical transmitter, wherein the selected wavelength is such as to match resonant excitation of the quantum memory.
16. A QKD system according to claim 15 , wherein the system comprises two optical transmitters, the quantum memory being arranged to receive the pulses of light output by both optical transmitters, each of the optical transmitters being configured to output pulses of light at the same selected wavelength.
17. A QKD system according to claim 13 , wherein the pulses output by the optical transmitter are transmitted through the same network as light signals encoding other telecommunications data, the selected wavelength being different from the wavelength of the light signals encoding the other telecommunications data; and
optionally wherein the QKD system is multiplexed with other QKD systems.